F. Ditrói

Experimental studies on excitation functions of the proton-induced activation reactions on yttrium

Proton-induced activation cross-sections were measured for the (89)Y(p,x)(89,88,86)Zr, (89)Y(p,x)(88,87,87 m,86)Y, (89)Y(p,x)(85,83,82)Sr and (89)Y(p,x)(84,83)Rb reactions by a stacked foil technique in the energy range 15-80 MeV which was covered by two separate measurements for 15-50 and 32-80 MeV energy range with 50 and 80 MeV incident protons. The differences between the results of two irradiations were found within 6% in the overlapping energy regions. The production yields for the long-lived products like (88)Zr, and (88)Y are significantly larger than that of (nat)Mo+p, (nat)Nb+p and (nat)Zr+p processes. The productions of the medical isotopes, (85)Sr and (83)Sr are also effective by Y+p process using an 80 MeV beam. Thick target integral yields were also deduced using the measured cross-sections. The (87)Y, (88)Y, (88)Zr and (89)Zr radionuclides have suitable yields and decay characteristics important for thin-layer activation (TLA) analysis.

Excitation functions of deuteron induced nuclear reactions on natural zinc up to 50 MeV

Excitation functions were measured for production of 66,67Ga, 62,65,69mZn, 61,64,67Cu and 58Co radioisotopes in deuteron induced reactions on natural Zn up to 50 MeV by activation using stacked foil techniques. Detailed compilations were made of the earlier reported experimental cross-section and integral yield data. They are compared with the new values and theoretical calculations. The use of the measured formation cross-section for production of practically important radioisotopes of gallium and copper is discussed as well as the application of cross-section data of 65Zn in the field of wear monitoring by the thin layer activation method.

Measurement and evaluation of the excitation functions for alpha particle induced nuclear reactions on niobium

Abstract Alpha particle induced nuclear reactions were investigated with the stacked foil activation technique on natural niobium targets up to 43 MeV. Excitation functions were measured for the production of 96mgTc, 95mTc, 95gTc, 94gTc, 95mgNb and 92mNb. Cumulative cross-sections, thick target yields and activation functions were deduced and compared with available literature data. Applications of the excitation functions in the field of thin layer activation techniques and beam monitoring are also discussed.

Excitation functions of proton induced nuclear reactions on natRb from 30 to 70 MeV. Implication for the production of 82Sr and other medically important Rb and Sr radioisotopes

Cross-sections and integral production yields of the natRb(p,xn)82,83mg,85mg,87mSr and natRb(p,X)81,82m,83,84mg,86mgRb nuclear reactions have been measured as a function of the proton energy from 30 up to 70 MeV. The standardization of the nuclear data for production of a 82Sr(82Rb) generator system and of the 83Sr radioisotope, their production possibilities, and the impurity levels are discussed.

Experimental determination of deuteron-induced activation cross sections of yttrium

Excitation functions were measured for the 89Y(d,x)90m,88,87m,87m+g Y, 89Y(d,x)88,89Zr and 89Y(d,x) 85Sr reactions in the energy range 9–40 MeV by the stacked-foil activation technique in combination with high resolution HPGe γ-ray spectroscopy. The data above 27 MeV have been measured for the first time. Yield calculations revealed that in the deuteron-induced activation of yttrium the direct production of 88Y is about two times lower than that of 88Zr. The maximum cross section for the production of the PET isotope 89Zr by the Y+d process is higher than by Y+p. The yields and decay characteristics of the 88Y and 88Zr nuclides are suitable for thin layer activation (TLA) analysis.

New cross-sections for production of 103Pd; review of charged particle production routes

Production cross-sections of (103)Ag obtained by irradiating (nat)Pd and (nat)Cd with 70 MeV protons are presented and compared with ALICE-IPPE model calculations. Production of (103)Ag is of interest for the generation of (103)Pd widely used in brachytherapy. The investigated energy range of the (103)Rh(d,2n)(103)Pd reaction was extended up to 40 MeV and the results were compared with the curves of ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE-II and GNASH theoretical codes. Thick target yields were calculated. An overview and analysis of the most important charged particle induced production routes of (103)Pd is presented. An explanation of the apparent discrepancy in the activity measurements for (103)Rh based on X- or gamma-ray is given.

Activation cross-sections of longer lived products of proton induced nuclear reactions on cobalt up to 70 MeV

As a part of our series of studies on charged particle induced reactions on various target materials, proton induced excitation functions on natural cobalt have been determined by using the stacked-foil technique. In these measurements the radionuclides 55,56,57,58Co, 51Cr, 52,54,56Mn and 56,57Ni have been identified. For the above mentioned nuclides the cross-sections were derived from the measured activities and were compared with the literature data and with the results of EMPIRE code calculations and tabulated values in the TENDL 2011 library (based on TALYS code calculations). The agreement with previous measurements and with theoretical values was acceptable.

Cross section measurements of the 131Xe(p,n) reaction for production of the therapeutic radionuclide 131Cs

(131)Cs is an X-ray emitter radioisotope gaining interest in prostate brachytherapy. It is generally produced via the (130)Ba(n,gamma)(131)Ba-->(131)Cs process in thermal-flux reactors. Here we investigate its cyclotron production possibilities. Excitation function of the (131)Xe(p,n)(131)Cs reaction was measured up to 35MeV using the stacked gascell technique and high-resolution X-ray spectrometry. The experimental data were compared with results of the ALICE-IPPE and EMPIRE-II codes and curves taken from the PADF and TENDL database. The calculated integral yield was 17MBq/microAh in the energy range E(p)=20-->7MeV. Comparison of cyclotron and reactor production routes was given.

Excitation functions for production of 88Zr and 88Y by proton and deuteron irradiation of Mo, Nb, Zr, and y

Cross sections for production of 88Zr and 88Y were measured for proton and deuteron induced nuclear reactions on Mo, Nb, Zr and Y targets up to 80 MeV proton and 50 MeV deuteron energy. Stacked foil activation technique and high‐resolution γ‐spectrometry were used for irradiation and for detection of the radioactive residuals. The experimental data up to Ep=100 MeV and for Ed=50 MeV were compared with the earlier literature data and with the theoretical calculations based on the ALICE‐IPPE code. Production yields of the different production routes are compared.

Investigation of activation cross sections of deuteron induced reactions on indium up to 40MeV for production of a 113Sn/113mIn generator

(113)Sn (115.09 d) is the parent nuclide of the (113)Sn/(113m)In generator system. (113m)In (99.476 min) is used in diagnostic nuclear medicine and as an Auger-electron emitter is a candidate for internal radiotherapy. Excitation functions of the (nat)In(d,x) (113 mg)Sn, (116 m)In, (ind115m)In, (114m)In, (ind113m)In, (cum111)In, (115g)Cd,(111m)Cd reactions were measured up to 40 MeV for the first time. The experimental results were compared with the curves calculated with the ALICE-D and EMPIRE-D theoretical model codes and curves given in the EAF-2007 and TENDL-2009 databases. Thick target yields, impurity levels and specific activities for the optimal energy range were deduced and compared with the same parameters of other charged particle production routes of (113)Sn.