F Francesco Maresca

Microscopic plasticity and damage in two-phase steels: on the competing role of crystallography and phase contrast

Abstract This paper unravels micromechanical aspects of metallic materials whose microstructure comprises grains of two or more phases. The local plastic response is determined by (i) the relative misorientation of the slip systems of individual grains, and (ii) the different mechanical properties of the phases. The relative importance of these two mechanisms at the meso-scale is unclear: is the plastic response dominated by the grain’s anisotropy, or is this effect overwhelmed by the mechanical contrast between the two phases? The answer impacts the modeling of such a material at the meso-scale, but also gives insights in the resulting fracture mechanisms at that length-scale. Until now, this question has been addressed only for particular crystallographies and mechanical properties. In contrast, this paper studies the issue systematically using a large set of phase distributions, crystallographies, and material parameters. It is found that the macroscopic and the mesoscopic (grain-averaged) plastic response of the two extreme modeling choices (crystal plasticity or isotropic plasticity) converge with increasing phase contrast. The effect of the crystallography is completely overwhelmed by the phase contrast when the yield stress of the hard phase is a factor of four higher compared to the soft phase. When this ratio is lower than two, its influence may not be neglected. However, even in this regime, fracture initiation is controlled by the local arrangement of the phases. The latter is quantified in this paper through the average arrangement of the phases around fracture initiation sites.

Retardation of plastic instability via damage-enabled microstrain delocalization

AbstractMulti-phase microstructures with high mechanical contrast phases are prone to microscopic damage mechanisms. For ferrite–martensite dual-phase steel, for example, damage mechanisms such as martensite cracking or martensite–ferrite decohesion are activated with deformation, and discussed often in literature in relation to their detrimental role in triggering early failure in specific dual-phase steel grades. However, both the micromechanical processes involved and their direct influence on the macroscopic behavior are quite complex, and a deeper understanding thereof requires systematic analyses. To this end, an experimental–theoretical approach is employed here, focusing on three model dual-phase steel microstructures each deformed in three different strain paths. The micromechanical role of the observed damage mechanisms is investigated in detail by in-situ scanning electron microscopy tests, quantitative damage analyses, and finite element simulations. The comparative analysis reveals the unforeseen conclusion that damage nucleation may have a beneficial mechanical effect in ideally designed dual-phase steel microstructures (with effective crack-arrest mechanisms) through microscopic strain delocalization.

Predictive modeling of interfacial damage in substructured steels: application to martensitic microstructures

Metallic composite phases, like martensite present in conventional steels and new generation high strength steels exhibit microscale, locally lamellar microstructures characterized by alternating layers of phases or crystallographic variants. The layers can be sub-micron down to a few nanometers thick, and they are often characterized by high contrasts in plastic properties. As a consequence, fracture in these lamellar microstructures generally occurs along the layer interfaces or within one of the layers, typically parallel to the interface. This paper presents a computational framework that addresses the lamellar nature of these microstructures, by homogenizing the plastic deformation at the mesoscale by using the microscale response of the laminates. Failure is accounted for by introducing a family of damaging planes that are parallel to the layer interface. Mode I, mode II and mixed-mode opening are incorporated. The planes along which failure occurs are captured using a smeared damage approach. Coupling of damage with isotropic or anisotropic plasticity models, like crystal plasticity, is straightforward. The damaging planes and directions do not need to correspond to crystalline slip planes, and normal opening is also included. Focus is given on rate-dependent formulations of plasticity and damage, i.e. converged results can be obtained without further regularization techniques. The validation of the model using experimental observations in martensite-austenite lamellar microstructures in steels reveals that the model correctly predicts the main features of the onset of failure, e.g. the necking point, the failure initiation region and the failure mode. Finally, based on the qualitative results obtained, some material design guidelines are provided for martensitic and multi-phase steels.