F. Szelecsényi

New cross-sections and intercomparison of deuteron monitor reactions on Al, Ti, Fe, Ni and Cu

Abstract The 27Al(d,x)22,24Na reactions are frequently used to monitor deuteron beams above 20 MeV. To extend possible monitoring energy region toward lower energies, new monitor reactions are proposed and experimental cross-sections are measured for the processes 27Al(d,x)22,24Na, natTi(d,x)48V, natFe(d,x)56Co, natNi(d,x)61Cu and natCu(d,x)65Zn. The excitation functions were studied using the activation method on stacks of thin metallic foil targets with natural isotopic composition. The data sets of the six processes were cross-checked with each other to provide reliable numerical cross-sections. Detailed literature compilation and critical comparison were made on the available data sets for the studied reactions. Predictions of model calculations were compared with the new experimental data. After establishing selection criteria, consistent data sets were chosen for each of the processes, which were then fitted with a spline or Pade method to provide recommended cross-sections.

New cross section data on68Zn(p, 2n)67Ga andnatZn(p,xn)67Ga nuclear reactions for the development of a reference data base

Excitation functions were measured by stacked-foil technique for the68Zn(p, 2n)67Ga,68Zn(p,3n)66Ga,natCu(p,xn)62Zn,natZn(p,xn)67Ga,natZn(p,xn)66Ga,natZn(p,px)62Zn andnatZn(p,αx)61Cu nuclear reactions in the energy range from 15–35 MeV. The experimental excitation functions were compared with published data. Our present measurements not only increase the number of available cross section data points for the above reactions, but for some reactions (and in some energy regions) values are presented for the first time.

Excitation functions of (p, xn) reactions on natTi: Monitoring of bombarding proton beams

Abstract Excitation functions have been measured for the natTi(p, x)48V nuclear process by the stacked-foil technique in the energy range up to 30 MeV for use as a monitor reaction for proton beams. The intercomparison shows good agreement with other monitor reactions (p + natCu, p + natNi) over the whole energy range. Excitation functions for the production of 47Sc, 44mSc, 44gSc and 43Sc isotopes and the isomeric cross section ratio of 44mSc/44gSc were also determined in the energy range from 9.0 to 17.5 MeV.

Excitation Functions of Proton Induced Nuclear Reactions on Enriched 66Zn, 67Zn and 68Zn: Production of 67Ga and 66Ga

Excitation functions wäre measured for proton induced nuclear reactions on enriched ®®Zn, and over the energy ränge of 6—22 MeV using the activation method. The experimental cross section data were compared with published data and with the theoretical predictions. Thick target yields of and ®®Ga were calculated and compared with experimental yields. A chemical Separation procedure from enriched Zinc-targets is also presented.

Measurement and evaluation of the excitation functions for alpha particle induced nuclear reactions on niobium

Abstract Alpha particle induced nuclear reactions were investigated with the stacked foil activation technique on natural niobium targets up to 43 MeV. Excitation functions were measured for the production of 96mgTc, 95mTc, 95gTc, 94gTc, 95mgNb and 92mNb. Cumulative cross-sections, thick target yields and activation functions were deduced and compared with available literature data. Applications of the excitation functions in the field of thin layer activation techniques and beam monitoring are also discussed.

Excitation function for the natTi(p,x)48V nuclear process: Evaluation and new measurements for practical applications

Abstract In order to supply accurate databases for different practical purposes such as proton beam energy monitoring, 48 V radioisotope production, nuclear analytical applications and nuclear wear measurements, we have evaluated the cross-sections of the nat Ti ( p , x ) 48 V nuclear process up to 50 MeV. Since the preliminary overview of the status of the cross-section data showed that there are discrepancies between the literature results, we performed detailed cross-section measurements up to 18 MeV. The selected literature data and our new experimental values were also compared with the predictions of different model calculations. Recommended cross-sections and thick target yield databases up to 50 MeV were developed for practical applications.

Production possibility of 60,61,62Cu radioisotopes by alpha induced reactions on cobalt for PET studies

Abstract Excitation functions were measured by the stacked-foil technique for 59 Co ( α , n ) 62 Cu , 59 Co ( α ,2 n ) 61 Cu and 59 Co ( α ,3 n ) 60 Cu nuclear reactions up to 60 MeV. The excitation functions were compared with the published data. The optimum energy range for the production of 61 Cu and 62 Cu was found to be 39 → 18 and 18.5 → 6 MeV, respectively. The calculated thick target yield of 61 Cu in this energy range was 21.0 mCi / μA (supposing one half-life activation time); and 16.2 mCi / μA (supposing three half-life activation time) for 62 Cu . The level of 60 Cu and 62 Cu impurities at 61 Cu production decreases to around 1% after a 1 h cooling time. The practical yield in this case is 17.2 mCi / μA . For production of 62 Cu the contamination level of 61 Cu increases continuously after EOB, but remains below 1% if the cooling time is less than 0.5 h ( 1.9 mCi / μA at 0.5 h after EOB). Unfortunately, in the case of 60 Cu production, the contamination level of 61 Cu and 62 Cu at EOB was found to be 18.4% and 47.9%, respectively, of the produced 60 Cu activity ( 6.4 mCi / μA , after 60 min irradiation time, in the energy interval 60 → 44 MeV ).

Practical production of 61Cu using natural Co target and its simple purification with a chelating resin for 61CU-ATSM

Abstract Copper-61 (T1/2=3.41 h) produced via the 59Co(α,2n)61Cu nuclear reaction using natural Co target was isolated from the irradiated target by two methods developed here and applied for preparation of (61Cu-ATSM) (61Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone)), known as an imaging agent of hypoxic tissue. A commercially available cobalt disk (thickness: 125 μm) was irradiated with 40 MeV (37.9 MeV on target) α particles, then treated with conc. HNO3, and the 61Cu was separated by two different methods, i.e. a two column method using a cation and an anion exchange column; and a one column method using a column packed with chelating resin, Chelex 100. Both separation methods gave satisfactory results, though the latter method was superior because of the simplicity of the apparatus, the separation procedure and somewhat shorter processing time. Around 1.1 GBq of 61Cu2+ were obtained with >95% yield (decay corrected) from Co target at 10 μA for 1 h irradiation, and with the radionuclidic purity of >98% (EOS). The only radionuclidic impurity in the isolated 61Cu2+ solution was identified to be 60Cu at EOS but no radionuclidic impurity was observed after 50 hours. The solution of 61Cu-ATSM was prepared in >85% radiochemical yield with >95% radiochemical purity.

Cross sections of proton induced nuclear reactions on enriched 111Cd and 112Cd for the production of 111In for use in nuclear medicine

Proton induced nuclear reactions on enriched 111Cd and 112Cd have been studied up to 30 MeV in the context of routine production of the medically used isotope 111In with low and medium energy cyclotrons. The excitation functions of 111Cd(p,n)111m,gIn and 112Cd(p,2n)111m,gIn as production reactions and 111Cd(p,2n)110mIn, 111Cd(p,2n)110In, 111Cd(p,3n)109ml,m2,In, 112Cd(p,3n)110mIn, 112Cd(p,3n)110gIn as competing processes have been measured using the activation method involving the stacked-foil technique. The deduced thick target yields are compared with those obtained experimentally.

Investigation of direct production of 68Ga with low energy multiparticle accelerator

Abstract Experimentally measured cross sections are presented for the natCu(α, xn)66,67,68Ga and 68Zn(p, xn)67,68Ga nuclear processes up to 36 and 20 MeV, respectively. Based on these results and the reliable cross section data available in the literature, the possible thick target yields were also calculated. Two different 68Ga production routes (Cu+α and Zn+p) are discussed in detail, especially with regard to the 66Ga and 67Ga contamination levels as a function of the target enrichment level and the incident bombarding energies. Both processes can be used for in-house 68Ga production with low (<1%) 66Ga and/or 67Ga EOB contamination using enriched 68Zn (>80%) or 65Cu (>95%) target. The maximum available yield on 100% enriched 68Zn and 65Cu (irradiation time: 2.25 h; bombarding energy: Ep=20 MeV and Eα=18 MeV) is 352.45 mCi/μA (13.04 GBq/μA) and 14.28 mCi/μA (528.36 MBq/μA), respectively.