F. Tinivella

Mancozeb: past, present, and future.

This feature article reviews the broad-spectrum fungicide mancozeb. Introduced in 1962, it still plays a significant role in the world fungicide market. Mancozeb possesses a number of key attributes that have contributed toward its development into a globally important tool in modern chemical-based plant disease management. These attributes are discussed from the perspective of both public and private research.

Control of seed-borne pathogens on legumes by microbial and other alternative seed treatments

Greenhouse trials were carried out in order to test the efficacy of different seed treatments as alternatives to chemicals against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum cause of anthracnose on bean and Ascochyta spp. cause of Ascochyta blights on pea, respectively. Resistance inducers, commercially formulated microorganisms, non-formulated selected strains of different microorganisms (fungi, bacteria and yeasts) and plant extracts were applied as dry or liquid seed treatments on naturally infested seeds. Seedling emergence and disease incidence and/or severity were recorded. Almost all seed treatments turned out to be ineffective in controlling the Ascochyta infections, which is in line with the literature stating that these pathogens are difficult to control. The only alternative treatments that gave some control of Ascochyta spp. were thyme oil and a strain of Clonostachys rosea. The resistance inducers tested successfully controlled infections of bean by C. lindemuthianum. Among the formulated microorganisms, Bacillus subtilis-based formulations provided the best protection from anthracnose. Some strains of Pseudomonas putida, a disease-suppressive, saprophytic strain of Fusarium oxysporum and the mustard powder-based product Tillecur also proved to be effective against bean anthracnose. However, among the resistance inducers as well as among the other groups, certain agents caused a significant reduction of plant emergence. Different alternative seed treatments can therefore be used for the control of C. lindemuthianum on bean, while on pea only thyme oil and a strain of Clonostachys rosea showed some effectiveness against Ascochyta spp.

Evaluation of non-chemical seed treatment methods for the control of Phoma valerianellae on lamb’s lettuce seeds

The aim of the present study was to identify seed treatment methods for eradicating Phoma valerianellae from lamb`s lettuce seeds in organic vegetable production. Using seeds naturally infested with the pathogen, the effect of three physical methods (hot water, aerated steam, electron treatment) and different agents of natural origin (micro-organisms, plant derived products, resistance inducers) was tested on moist filter paper, in seed trays under controlled conditions and in the field. In an initial screening, none of the tested putative resistance inducers prevented infection by P. valerianellae, while two out of seven formulated micro-organism preparations and six out of 16 experimental microbial strains were effective.When selected agents and the three physical seed treatment methods were compared in blotter and seed tray tests, the physical methods were generally the most effective treatments, while the micro-organism treatments were clearly less efficacious. However, in field experiments with the same seed lots and the same treatments, a statistically significant increase in plant stand was not obtained with any of the treatments. Combinations of the three physical treatment methods with selected non-chemical agents did not perform better than the physical treatments alone. The most effective alternative seed treatments identified in the present study, aerated steam, hot water, electron treatment and thyme oil (0.1%), can be recommended for eradication of P. valerianellae from lamb`s lettuce seeds in organic farming. Because their efficacy was generally as high as that of the chemical fungicide Aatiram (active ingredient thiram), they are also potentially suited for use in conventional vegetable production.ZusammenfassungZiel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, für den ökologi-schen Landbau geeignete Saatgutbehandlungsverfahren zur Bekämpfung von Phoma valerianellae an Feldsalat zu finden. Dazu wurde die Wirksamkeit von drei physikalischen Verfah-ren (Heißwasserbehandlung, Heißluftbehandlung, Elektronenbehandlung) und verschiedenen Agenzien natürlicher Herkunft (Mikroorganismen, pflanzliche Präparate, Resi-stenzinduktoren) mit natürlich infiziertem Saatgut auf Filter-papier, unter kontrollierten Bedingungen in Saatschalen-testen sowie in Feldversuchen untersucht. In der ersten Über-prüfung konnte keines der Mittel, bei denen eine Resistenz-induktion als Wirkmechanismus angenommen wurde, die Infektion mit P. valerianellae verhindern, während zwei von sieben formulierten Mikroorganismenpräparaten und sechs der 16 überprüften experimentellen Mikroorganismen Wirk-samkeit zeigten. Bei einem Vergleich ausgewählter nicht-che-mischer Mittel und der drei physikalischen Verfahren in Filter-papier- und Saatschalentesten waren die physikalischen Ver-fahren am effektivsten und die Mikroorganismen am wenigsten wirksam. Allerdings konnte in Feldversuchen mit dem glei-chen Saatgut und den gleichen Behandlungen mit keinem der Verfahren ein signifikanter Anstieg der Pflanzenzahl erreicht werden. Kombinierte Behandlungen aus physikalischen Ver-fahren und ausgewählten nicht-chemischen Mitteln erbrach-ten keine besseren Ergebnisse als die alleinige Anwendung der physikalischen Verfahren. Die wirksamsten in der vorlie-genden Untersuchung gefundenen Varianten (Heißluftbe-handlung, Heißwasserbehandlung, Elektronenbehandlung, Thymianöl [0.1%]) können für die Sanierung von Feld-salatsaatgut im Ökoanbau bei Befall mit P. valerianellae empfohlen werden. Da ihre Wirksamkeit in der Regel ähnlich hoch war wie die des chemischen Saatbeizmittels Aatiram (Aktivsubstanz: Thiram) erscheinen sie auch für den konven-tionellen Gemüseanbau potentiell geeignet.

Evaluation of non-chemical seed treatment methods for the control of Alternaria dauci and A. radicina on carrot seeds

The current study was initiated to evaluate the efficacy of physical methods (hot water, aerated steam, electron treatment) and agents of natural origin (resistance inducers, plant derived products, micro-organisms) as seed treatments of carrots for control of Alternaria dauci and A. radicina. Control of both Alternaria species by seed treatment with the resistance inducers was generally poor. Results were also not satisfactory with most of the formulated commercial micro-organism preparations. Based on the average of five field trials, one of these, BA 2552 (Pseudomonas chlororaphis), provided a low but significant increase in plant stand. Among the experimental micro-organisms, the best results were obtained with Pseudomonas sp. strain MF 416 and Clonostachys rosea strain IK726. A similar level of efficacy was provided by seed treatment with an emulsion (1%) of thyme oil in water. Good and consistent control was generally achieved with the physical methods aerated steam, hot water and electron treatment. Aerated steam treatment was, apart from the thiram-containing chemical standard, the best single treatment, and its performance may at least partially be due to extensive pre-testing, resulting in dosages optimally adapted to the respective seed lot. In some of the experiments the effect of the hot water treatment, which was tested at a fixed, not specifically adapted dosage, was significantly improved when combined with a Pseudomonas sp. MF 416 or C. rosea IK726 treatment. The results are discussed in relation to the outcome of experiments in which the same seed treatment methods and agents were tested in other seed-borne vegetable pathosystems.

THE NEED FOR DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS AND INFRASTRUCTURE

introduced pests and pathogens have the potential to destabilize ecosystems and jeopardize achieving global food security. Plant–based agriculture is the foundation of food production systems worldwide. To secure our plant systems, every nation needs the diagnostic infrastructure to ensure the early detection and rapid, accurate diagnoses of disease outbreaks. A comprehensive strategy that includes technology development and deployment, networked diagnostic laboratories, and diagnostician training programs is essential. While traditional symptom-based and morphological diagnostics remain important, nucleic acid and protein based technologies have greatly increased the accuracy and reduced the time for positive identifications. Equally important to the technology employed is a cost-effective and statistically sound sampling strategy. Experience is critical component for effective diagnostics. The very wide spectrum of taxonomic groups from which these plant pathogens arise, underscores the need for access to expertise that can be attained through the establishment of secured communications networks.

First report of botrytis blight caused by Botrytis cinerea on Chamelaucium uncinatum in Italy.

Chamelaucium uncinatum (wax flower), an evergreen shrub belonging to the Myrtaceae family, is suitable for growing in containers. In the Albenga area (northern Italy), this species is grown as a potted plant. In April 2009, symptoms of a previously unknown blight were observed in a commercial glasshouse in the Savona Province (northern Italy) on 80% of 500 potted plants of cv. Snow Flake. Glasshouse temperatures ranged between 16 and 22°C and plants were drip irrigated. Initially, leaves and calyces appeared chlorotic. Subsequently, necrotic lesions developed on flower stalks and occasionally the corollas. After 10 days, soft, gray mycelium became apparent on symptomatic tissue, especially on the foliage. Severely infected leaves and flowers eventually became completely necrotic and abscised. Tissues were excised from diseased leaves, immersed in a solution containing 1% sodium hypochlorite for 10 s, and then cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. A fungus developed abundant mycelium when incubated under constant fluorescent light at 23 ± 1°C. Numerous, small sclerotia also developed on PDA plates incubated for 20 days at 8 ± 1°C. Sclerotia were dark, spheroid, and measured 0.5 to 1.8 × 0.5 to 1.5 (average 1.2 × 1.0) mm. Conidia were smooth, gray, unicellular, ovoid, measured 8.5 to 11.1 × 7.1 to 8.6 (average 9.7 × 7.8) μm, and similar to those described for Botrytis cinerea (2). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced. BLAST analysis (1) of the 495-bp segment showed 100% similarity with the sequence of Botryotinia fuckeliana (perfect stage of B. cinerea). The nucleotide sequence has been assigned the GenBank Accession No. GQ149477. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying leaves of healthy potted C. uncinatum with a spore suspension (2 × 104 conidia/ml) obtained from PDA cultures of the pathogen. Each plant received 30 ml of the inoculum. Plants sprayed with water only served as controls. Three plants per treatment were used. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 5 days after inoculation and maintained in a growth chamber at 20 ± 1°C. The first foliar lesions developed on leaves 7 days after inoculation and were similar to those observed in the commercial glasshouse, whereas control plants remained healthy. B. cinerea was consistently reisolated from these lesions. The pathogenicity test was completed twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of B. cinerea on C. uncinatum in Italy as well as in Europe. The disease has been reported in California (3) and more recently in South Africa (4). In Italy, the economic importance of the disease is currently still limited. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England, 1971. (3) A. M. French. California Plant Disease Host Index. Calif. Dep. Food Agric., Sacramento, 1989. (4) L. Swart and S. Coertze. Plant Dis. 86:440, 2002.