Fabiana Schneck

Focando na variação: métodos e aplicações do conceito de diversidade beta em ecossistemas aquáticos

Ecologists usually estimate means, but devote much less attention to variation. The study of variation is a key aspect to understand natural systems and to make predictions regarding them. In community ecology, most studies focus on local species diversity (alpha diversity), but only in recent decades have ecologists devoted proper attention to variation in community composition among sites (beta diversity). This is in spite of the fact that the first attempts to estimate beta diversity date back to the pioneering work by Koch and Whittaker in the 1950s. Progress in the last decade has been made in the development both of methods and of hypotheses about the origin and maintenance of variation in community composition. For instance, methods are available to partition total diversity in a region (gamma diversity), in a local component (alpha), and several beta diversities, each corresponding to one scale in a hierarchy. The popularization of the so-called raw-data approach (based on partial constrained ordination techniques) and the distance-based approach (based on correlation of dissimilarity/distance matrices) have allowed many ecologists to address current hypotheses about beta diversity patterns. Overall, these hypotheses are based on niche and neutral theory, accounting for the relative roles of environmental and spatial processes (or a combination of them) in shaping metacommunities. Recent studies have addressed these issues on a variety of spatial and temporal scales, habitats and taxonomic groups. Moreover, life history and functional traits of species such as dispersal abilities and rarity have begun to be considered in studies of beta diversity. In this article we briefly review some of these new tools and approaches developed in recent years, and illustrate them by using case studies in aquatic ecosystems.

Use of ecological niche models to predict the distribution of invasive species: a scientometric analysis

We conducted a scientometric analysis to determine the main trends and gaps of studies on the use of ecological niche models (ENMs) to predict the distribution of invasive species. We used the database of the Thomson Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). We found 190 papers published between 1991 and 2010 in 82 journals. The number of papers was low in the 1990s, but began to increase after 2003. One-third of the papers were published by researchers from the United States of America, and consequently, the USA was also the most studied region. The majority of studies were carried out in terrestrial environments, while only a few investigated aquatic systems, probably because important aquatic predictor variables are scarce or unavailable for most regions in the world. Species-occurrence records were mainly composed of presence-only records, and almost 70% of the studies were carried out with plants and insects. Twenty-three different distribution modelling methods were used. The Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production (GARP) was used most often. Our scientometric analysis showed a growing interest in the use of ENMs to predict the distribution of invasive species, especially in the last decade, which is probably related to the increase in species introductions worldwide. Among some important gaps that need to be filled, the relatively small number of studies conducted in developing countries and in aquatic environments deserves careful attention.

Patterns in species and functional dissimilarity: insights from periphytic algae in subtropical floodplain lakes

Understanding spatial and temporal changes in species composition has long demanded the attention of ecologists. However, only recently questions related to changes in species functional traits have been investigated. We explored patterns of species and functional dissimilarity of periphytic algae at six lakes sampled over a year across a subtropical floodplain. We evaluated the importance of turnover and nestedness components across space and time; the influence of environmental dissimilarity, spatial distance, and time on species and functional dissimilarity; and whether functional dissimilarity results from non-stochastic assembly processes. We used six functional traits to describe 155 species. Functional dissimilarity was estimated by functional dendrograms, and stochasticity was evaluated using null models. The turnover component was greater than nestedness for species and functional dissimilarity. Environmental dissimilarity, spatial distance, or time did not significantly explain species or functional dissimilarity. However, functional dissimilarity was significantly greater than expected given the observed species dissimilarity. The main finding of this study is that community assembly was deterministic with respect to traits. Further, each lake contributed similarly to the overall species and traits pool. These results highlight the importance of comparing species and functional dissimilarities to reach a better understanding of the organization of periphytic algal communities.

Substrate roughness, fish grazers, and mesohabitat type interact to determine algal biomass and sediment accrual in a high-altitude subtropical stream

Since periphytic biofilm is an important source of food in lotic ecosystems, it is important to understand how key ecological factors affect the accrual and loss of algal biomass and sediment in the biofilm. We designed a field experiment to evaluate the effects of mesohabitat type (pools and riffles), grazing fish (control and exclusion), and substrate roughness (smooth and rough) on chlorophyll a, ash-free dry mass (AFDM), and total dry mass in a subtropical stream. Mesohabitat type did not influence the effect of grazers on periphyton. However, rough substrates accumulated more total dry mass in pools than in riffles, while smooth substrates accumulated similar amounts of total dry mass in both mesohabitats. The accrual of AFDM and chlorophyll a was greater on rough than on smooth substrates, regardless of mesohabitat. Treatments without fish accrued more total dry mass, AFDM, and chlorophyll a than treatments with fish, showing that fish play a major role in this stream by removing sediment and algal biomass. These results suggest that habitat simplification in the scale of substrate roughness and loss of large grazers may impact the accrual and loss of algal biomass and sediment in lotic ecosystems.

The influence of environmental variables on spatial and temporal phytoplankton dissimilarity in a large shallow subtropical lake (Lake Mangueira, southern Brazil)

AIM: The uneven distribution of organisms in aquatic ecosystems is generally attributed to environmental heterogeneity in both space and time, reflecting the occurrence of appropriate environmental conditions and the availability of resources to biological communities. The aim of this study was to understand how the dissimilarity of the phytoplankton community in a large subtropical shallow lake is related to environmental dissimilarities. METHODS: Biotic and environmental data were gathered at 19 sites along the 90-km length of Lake Mangueira. Sampling was carried out quarterly during 2010 and 2011, totaling 152 sampling units. The relationship between phytoplankton dissimilarity and the dissimilarity of environmental variables was assessed by the BioEnv analysis. MAJOR RESULTS: There is a significant relationship between phytoplankton dissimilarity and environmental dissimilarity. The model that best explained the dissimilarity of phytoplankton among the sampling units included pH, turbidity and nitrate. CONCLUSIONS: The dissimilarity of phytoplankton was related to the dissimilarity, which were directly associated to the variability of conditions and resources in space and time in Lake Mangueira.

Respostas da comunidade zooplanctônica à formação do reservatório de Dona Francisca, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Zooplankton community responses to the impoundment of Dona Francisca reservoir, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We investigated the changes in species richness, density and composition of the zooplankton community in response to the formation of a reservoir in the area of the Dona Francisca hydroelectric plant. Zooplankton samples were collected quarterly over four years, comprising two years before and two years after the formation of the reservoir. Species richness and density of Cladocera, Copepoda and Rotifera increased after the filling of the reservoir. Further, the zooplankton community showed a clear change in species composition between the periods before and after the formation of the reservoir. The distinct species composition between the two periods was related to changes in limnological characteristics due to the formation of the reservoir.

Taxonomic and functional nestedness patterns of phytoplankton communities among coastal shallow lakes in southern Brazil

 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL (UFRGS), INSTITUTO DE PESQUISAS HIDRÁULICAS (IPH), AVENIDA BENTO GONÇALVES, , PORTO ALEGRE, RS -, BRAZIL, UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE–FURG, INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS, AVENIDA ITÁLIA, KM , RIO GRANDE, RS -, BRAZIL AND UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL (UFRGS), DEPARTAMENTO DE ECOLOGIA, INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS, AVENIDA

Macrophyte functional groups elucidate the relative role of environmental and spatial factors on species richness and assemblage structure

We evaluated the relative importance of environmental and spatial factors on species richness and assemblage structure of macrophytes in 29 coastal wetlands in southern Brazil. We used variation partitioning on total assemblage and three functional groups (emergent, floating, and submerged) and predicted that the relative importance of environment would be greater than that of space for all groups. Further, we predicted that both environment and space would show greater relative importance for floating and submerged than for emergent species, since the first ones depend more on local characteristics and on hydrocoric and zoocoric dispersal, while emergent species are less dependent on local characteristics and disperse mostly by wind. Variation in species richness was partly explained only for floating macrophytes by the environmental fraction. Regarding assemblage structure, environmental variables were more important for floating species and spatial variables for submerged species than for emergent ones and total assemblage. Further, while floating species were structured only by local environmental variables, emergent species were influenced by climatic environmental variables. These results revealed different patterns among macrophyte functional groups in wetlands, highlighting the importance of accounting for ecological differences to further advance the understanding of the relative role of predictors to metacommunity structure.