Fabiane Borelli Grecco

Pitiose cutânea em bovinos na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul

An outbreak of cutaneous pythiosis is described in cattle from southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Cattle were introduced into flooded pastures and developed ulcerative and wet cutaneous lesions on distal limbs and Planum nasale. Histologically, the lesions were characterized by multiple granulomas with intralesional hyphae, better seen in the methenamine silver stain, and surrounded by abundant fibrous tissue. Diagnosis was based on epidemiology, gross and histological lesions, and by positive immuno-histochemical reaction with anti-Pythium insidiosum polyclonal antibody. Morbidity was 23.8% and lesions were observed 15-90 days after cattle were introduced in the flooded area. Affected cattle had spontaneous healing without treatment. It is suggested that the disease is more frequent than what was earlier thought, mainly in flooded areas of the Southern region of the Rio Grande do Sul State.

Seneciose crônica em ovinos no sul do Rio Grande do Sul

Two outbreaks of Senecio spp. poisoning in grazing sheep in southern Rio Grande do Sul are described. The disease occurred in 2006 on two farms that were heavily infested with Senecio spp. and had shortage of forage. The morbidity in both outbreaks was 10% and 9.5%, respectively. In one case the sheep were born and had grown up on the farm. On the other, the sheep flock was introduced into the farm some months before the outbreak. Clinical signs included progressive emaciation, apathy, weakness, jaundice and photodermatitis. At necropsy, the sheep had an augmented yellowish and firm liver with irregular capsular surface, and an extended and edematous gallbladder. There was distension and edema of the gallbladder. The cut surface the liver showed well-circumscribed whitish nodules measuring 1-3mm in diameter, which were randomly scattered throughout the hepatic parenchyma. There was also edema of mesentery and ascitis. Histopathological findings of the liver included hepatomegalocytosis, bile duct hyperplasia and periportal fibrosis. There were also swollen hepatocytes, randomly scattered necrotic hepatocytes and nuclear pseudo inclusions. Hepatic encephalopathy (status spongiosus) was observed in the brain in all necropsied sheep. The diagnosis of Senecio poisoning was based on epidemiological data, clinical signs, necropsy findings and histological lesions. It was concluded that despite infrequent, Senecio spp. poisoning in sheep may occur when animals are placed in areas heavily invaded by the plants. Although sheep can efficiently control Senecio spp. in paddocks, this apparently depends on the stocking rate, and outbreaks may occur when stocking rate is less than 0.2 sheep per hectare and when there is severe shortage of forage.

Intoxicação experimental aguda por Senecio brasiliensis em ovinos e indução de resistência à intoxicação

Sheep are more resistant to poisoning by Senecio spp. than cattle and horses. To determine whether this resistance could be induced by ingestion of small and repeated doses of the plant and to know how long the resistance could last, three experiments with fresh green leaves and stalks of Senecio brasiliensis were conducted. In Experiment 1, to determine the minimum dose for acute poisoning, single doses of 60, 80, 90, 100 and 100g/kg body weight (bw) were administered to five 1 and a half-year-old male Corriedale sheep. The sheep fed 60g/kg bw and 80g/kg bw of S. brasiliensis did not get sick; however, the sheep that received 80g/kg bw, developed mild fibrosis and megalocytosis in liver biopsies performed 90, 120 and 150 days after the end of plant administration. The sheep that received 90 and 100g/kg bw showed clinical signs of anorexia, prostration, paddling movements and abdominal pain, and died 12-48 hours after the onset of clinical signs. At their necropsy, ascites, disseminated petechiae and accentuated lobular pattern of the liver were found, and histologicaly hemorrhagic centrilobular necrosis was observed. In Experiment 2, the dose of 100g/kg bw fractionated into 2, 5 and 10 daily doses was administered to three sheep respectively. The fractioned dosage did not cause clinical signs of poisoning in any of the sheep, but periportal fibrosis and moderate megalocytosis were observed in liver biopsy performed at day 60 after the end of the plant administration. No histological lesions were observed in hepatic biopsies of sheep that received 10 daily doses of 10g/kg bw. In Experiment 3, to determine whether the sheep become resistant to the acute form of poisoning, four sheep ingested daily doses of 15g/kg bw of S. brasiliensis during 30 days and daily doses of 30g/kg bw for 10 days. On the day following the last dose of 30g/kg bw, two sheep were challenged with 100g/kg bw of the plant in a single dose. No clinical signs were observed in both sheep and no histological lesions could be found in the liver biopsies obtained 15 and 30 days after administration of the challenge dose. The third and fourth sheep received the challenge dose (100g/kg bw) 15 and 45 days after the end of plant administration. These animals showed anorexia, abdominal pain, and died about 12 hours after the onset of clinical signs. Gross and microscopic lesions were similar to those observed in sheep from Experiment 1. The results of this study demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to acute S. brasiliensis poisoning at doses of 90 and 100g/kg bw, but they become resistant after the continuous ingestion of small daily doses. This resistance has been lost 15 days after the end of the plant ingestion. Natural acute poisoning by S. brasiliensis probably does not occur in sheep, because they would have to eat large amounts of the plant in a short period of time.

Intoxicação por organofosforados em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) no Rio Grande do Sul

This paper describes organophosphate (ORF) poisoning in a herd of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in southern Brazil, which were treated with a single dose of 12mg/kg body weight of Expertan® pour-on (chlorpyriphos) to control ectoparasites. Clinical signs, observed 7-45 days after exposure, were diarrhea, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscular tremors, weakness of pelvic limbs, paresis and flaccid paralysis and lateral recumbence. Out of 267 buffaloes 61 died. Necropsy of three animals that died 24-72 hours after onset of clinical signs, revealed congestion and serosal hemorrhages scattered along the bowel, emphysema and edema of the lungs. No significant histopathological changes were found. Residues of chlorpyriphos were detected in liver, kidneys and nervous system of the one necropsied buffalo. Despite the absence of histological lesions in the central and peripheral nervous system, the epidemiological, clinical, gross and toxicological findings suggest delayed neurotoxicity induced by organophosphates.

Doenças de equinos na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul

A retrospective study of the diagnoses of injuries and deaths in equine in Southern Brazil was conducted between 1978 and 2012. All necropsy protocols and other materials of the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory of the Veterinary School of the Federal University of Pelotas were reviewed. The collected data consisted of 2,026 equine materials, including 514 necropsy protocols of and 1,512 other biologic materials, including the protocols of biopsies, organs, swabs, feces, blood, and skin scrapings. From the resulting 2,026 diagnoses, 467 (23.05%) corresponded to neoplasms and tumor like lesions; 168 (8.29%) to parasitic diseases; 135 (6.66%) to bacterial diseases; 31 (1.53%) to viral diseases; 86 (4.24%) to diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes; 50 (2.47%) to intoxication and poisoning by mycotoxins; 9 (0.44%) to metabolic diseases; 60 (2.96%) to other diseases; and 75 (3.70%) to non-transmittable diseases of the digestive tract. Three hundred twenty cases (15.79%) were classified as diseases of unknown etiology. Other diagnoses accounted for 489 of the total 2,026 cases (24.14%). In 44 (8.56%) of the 514 necropsies and 91 (9.47%) of the 961 biopsies of organs mailed into the laboratory, the diagnoses were inconclusive, totaling 135 (9.15%) of the 1,475 in the category. This study demonstrates the importance of skin lesions in horses, as 31.88% (642) of the biopsies received were lesions on the skin of the animals. The most significant tumors observed were equine sarcoid, at 33.18%, and squamous cell carcinoma, at 7.94%. The most common observed causes of death were leucoenceflomalacia (7.59%), rabies (3.70%) thromboembolism by Strongylus vulgaris (2.33%) and monocytic ehrlichiosis (1.75%).

Gastric pythiosis in a dog

BACKGROUND Pythiosis is caused by the agent Pythium insidiosum, an aquatic oomycete of the kingdom Stramenopila. AIMS To describe the symptoms, pathological changes and diagnosis methods of gastric pythiosis in dogs. METHODS A three-year-old female German shepherd, with access to wetlands, was attended due to vomiting and recurrent diarrhea of 30 days of duration. A palpable mass in the abdomen filling the left epigastric region was identified in the clinical examination. Simple and contrasted radiological examination and ultrasound of abdominal cavity were performed. The animal was referred for exploratory laparotomy for the removal of the mass. The extent of the mass prevented from the excision and the animal was euthanized. Samples of the tumor mass were collected and sent for morphological study and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The changes observed in imaging studies were consistent with gastric pythiosis. In cytology and histopathology, non-septate hyphae were identified, and in immunohistochemistry a strong positivity of anti-Pythium antibodies was observed, confirming the diagnosis of pythiosis. CONCLUSIONS Pythiosis in dogs is diagnosed late and tends to evolve in the animals death. The definitive diagnosis is by cytology, histology and immunohistochemistry.

Eugenia uniflora fruit (red type) standardized extract: a potential pharmacological tool to diet-induced metabolic syndrome damage management

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Eugenia uniflora fruit (red type) extract on metabolic status, as well as on neurochemical and behavioral parameters in an animal model of metabolic syndrome induced by a highly palatable diet (HPD). Rats were treated for 150days and divided into 4 experimental groups: standard chow (SC) and water orally, SC and E. uniflora extract (200mg/kg daily, p.o), HPD and water orally, HPD and extract. Our data showed that HPD caused glucose intolerance, increased visceral fat, weight gain, as well as serum glucose, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol; however, E. uniflora prevented these alterations. The extract decreased lipid peroxidation and prevented the reduction of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum of animals submitted to HPD. We observed a HPD-induced reduction of thiol content in these cerebral structures. The extract prevented increased acetylcholinesterase activity in the prefrontal cortex caused by HPD and the increase in immobility time observed in the forced swim test. Regarding chemical composition, LC/MS analysis showed the presence of nine anthocyanins as the major compounds. In conclusion, E. uniflora extract showed benefits against metabolic alterations caused by HPD, as well as exhibited antioxidant and antidepressant-like effects.

Anatomopathologic Study of Kidneys parasitized by Dioctophyme renale in Dogs

Background: Dioctophymiasis is a disease caused by the nematode Dioctophyme renale and is a relatively common condition in dogs. The parasite affects the kidney, especially the right, enters the kidney capsule and causes destruction and atrophy of the parenchyma. The lesion severity depends on the amount of parasites affecting the kidney, the duration of the infection, number of kidneys involved and concurrent occurrence of kidney disease. The disease’s clinical presentation may be asymptomatic or with nonspecific clinical signs. The diagnosis is based on ultrasound examination and the detection of eggs in urine, however, diagnosis is often reached only through necropsy or histopathology. This study aimed to analyze the dog kidney anatomical and pathological changes when parasitized by Dioctophyme renale. Materials, Methods & Results: The kidneys of 21 dogs diagnosed with dioctophymiasis were nephrectomized, analyzed by ultrasound and forwarded to macro and microscopic analysis. Macroscopically, the kidney size was measured as well as its renal capsule thicknes. The presences of dilatation of the renal pelvis and ureter, as well as changes of the capsule, were also observed. These fragments were collected and submitted for routine analysis and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Histopathological examination was performed blindly by three evaluators. The intensity of fibrosis was evaluated by the presence or absence of infiltration, the absence or presence of parasite eggs and when present whether there was inflammatory tissue response, among other changes. All received organs were right kidneys and showed clear atrophy or absence of the parenchyma. The kidney size ranged from 3,8x2,5x1,3 cm to 8,4x8,2x4,0 cm and the capsule thickness between 0.1 and 3.6cm. In renal capsule were observed whitish, irregular and firm plates (10 out of 21 cases) and papilliform projections (4 out of 21). In two specimens were identified cases of hydroureter and hydronephrosis. Microscopically, all specimens had some degree of fibrosis which replaced the renal parenchyma, six classified as mild, ten were moderate and five intense. In 13 cases there was intense deposition of parasite eggs and 18 cases showed inflammatory infiltrate of which one was pyogranulomatous and one granulomatous. Papilliform projections were observed in six out of 21 cases (composed of connective tissue proliferation and neovascularization), there was also hyperplasia of the pelvis transition epithelial (6 out of 21) and osseous metaplasia of the renal capsule (4 out of 21). The vessels walls were hypertrophic in nine out of 21 cases. Discussion: The diagnosis of dioctophymiasis was performed by ultrasonography. All 21 kidneys analyzed were rights; this is related to the parasite penetration in the duodenal wall, which tends to migrate by anatomic proximity to the right kidneys. Dioctophyme renale feeds through digestion and ingestion of the renal parenchyma by the action of parasite’s oesophageal enzymes causing progressive destruction of the cortical and medullar layers and consequently the proliferation of fibrous tissue. In this study, different intensities of fibrosis were observed. Bone metaplasia characterizes the chronicity of the process and the connective tissue’s attempt to adapt. Animals affected by dioctophymiasis often develop chronic renal failure. Chronic renal failure is characterized by continuous and irreversible morphologic changes in the renal parenchyma with loss of nephron components and the formation of a vicious cycle of replacement by fibrous connective tissue. The hypertrophy of vascular epithelium observed in six cases of this study may be associated with fibrous connective tissue proliferation stimulus. The injuries described here may be related to the parasitosis late diagnosis.

Intoxicação espontânea por Amaranthus hybridus (Amaranthaceae) em bovinos no sul do Rio Grande do Sul

An outbreak of Amaranthus hybridus poisoning in cattle was observed in February/March 2013 in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The morbidity rate observed was 48.33%, the mortality rate was 41.66% and lethality rate was 86.20%. The diagnosis of A. hybridus poisoning was made based on the epidemiological data, clinical signs, macroscopic and histological lesions characteristic of intoxication by nephrotoxic plants and by the presence of large amounts of the plant in the area where cattle were placed. Invasion of Brachiaria sp. pasture by A. hybridus alerts for the possibility of the occurrence of poisoning not only in stubble areas with lack of forage. In the case reported here there was abundant forage availability in the area where the outbreak occurred. Favorable climatic conditions and fertile soil for planting pasture, probably favored the growth of this invasive species.