Fabrício Bau Dalmas

Development and assessment of an erosion and landslide predictive model for the coastal region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil

The study area is a Water Resources Management Unit #11 (WRMU-11), with steep slopes and very dissected and undulated relief, located in last continuous remaining parts of the Atlantic Forest in the State of São Paulo (Brazil). This paper presents a new predictive model for the identification of susceptible areas to erosion and landslides in the WRMU-11 region by combining geotechnical tools and field work. In order to evaluate the methodology, multi-criteria analysis was performed using the IDRISI Andes software. The areas that are more susceptible to erosion are located in Apiaí, Barra do Chapéu, Barra do Turvo, Cajati, Eldorado, Itaóca, Itapirapuã Paulista and Ribeira. 128 landslide occurrences observed in field surveys in the Ribeira de Iguape River Valley were plotted on the landslide susceptibility map. Ten occurrences were situated in areas classified as low susceptibility to landslides; fifty-six occurrences in areas of moderate susceptibility, fifty-five in areas of high susceptibility, and seven in areas were situated in areas of very high susceptibility to landslides. Field data showed that the Erosion and Landslide Susceptibility Maps, in 1:250,000 scale, provide reliable predictions. Key-words: RUSLE, Susceptibility, landslide, GIS, WRMU-11. Resumo -Desenvolvimento e avaliação de um modelo preditivo a processos erosivos e movimento de massa para a região costeira do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A área de estudo é a Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos número 11 (UGRHI-11), com declives acentuados, muito dissecados e relevo ondulado, localizada na última parte de remanescente contínuo da Mata Atlântica no Estado de São Paulo (Brasil). Este artigo apresenta um novo modelo de previsão para a identificação de áreas suscetíveis à erosão e deslizamentos de terra na região da UGRHI-11, combinando ferramentas geotécnicas e trabalho de campo. A fim de avaliar a metodologia, foi realizada uma análise multicritério utilizando o software IDRISI Andes. As áreas que são mais suscetíveis à erosão estão localizadas em Apiaí, Barra do Chapéu, Barra do Turvo, Cajati, Eldorado, Itaóca, Itapirapuã Paulista e Ribeira. 128 ocorrências de deslizamentos observados em pesquisas de campo em Ribeira de Iguape Vale do Rio foram plotados no mapa de suscetibilidade deslizamento de terra. Dez ocorrências estavam situadas em áreas classificadas como baixa suscetibilidade a deslizamentos de terra; cinquenta e seis ocorrências em áreas de susceptibilidade moderada, cinquenta e cinco em áreas de elevada susceptibilidade e sete áreas estavam situadas em áreas de elevada susceptibilidade a deslizamentos de terra. Os dados de campo mostraram que os mapas de suscetibilidade a erosão e deslizamento de terra, em escala 1:250.000, forneceram previsões confiáveis. Palavras-chave: RUSLE, suscetibilidade, deslizamentos, SIG, UGRHI-11.The study area is a Water Resources Management Unit #11 (WRMU-11), with steep slopes and very dissected and undulated relief, located in last continuous remaining parts of the Atlantic Forest in the State of Sao Paulo (Brazil). This paper presents a new predictive model for the identification of susceptible areas to erosion and landslides in the WRMU-11 region by combining geotechnical tools and field work. In order to evaluate the methodology, multi-criteria analysis was performed using the IDRISI Andes software. The areas that are more susceptible to erosion are located in Apiai, Barra do Chapeu, Barra do Turvo, Cajati, Eldorado, Itaoca, Itapirapua Paulista and Ribeira. 128 landslide occurrences observed in field surveys in the Ribeira de Iguape River Valley were plotted on the landslide susceptibility map. Ten occurrences were situated in areas classified as low susceptibility to landslides; fifty-six occurrences in areas of moderate susceptibility, fifty-five in areas of high susceptibility, and seven in areas were situated in areas of very high susceptibility to landslides. Field data showed that the Erosion and Landslide Susceptibility Maps, in 1:250,000 scale, provide reliable predictions.

The contribution of the Guarulhos Municipality (São Paulo State) to the water quality of the Alto Tietê System

The population growth in Guarulhos (Sao Paulo State) has been above the average for the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region (RMSP). The Baquirivu-Guacu River Basin (BHRBG), where the Baquirivu-Guacu River is located, is exactly the urban expansion vector of Guarulhos municipality and neighboring areas. This study presents an analysis of the quality of the Baquirivu-Guacu River waters at the entrance and at the exit of the Guarulhos municipality, in order to assess the effects of the implementation of sewage treatment plants (STPs) and land use on the Baquirivu-Guacu River water quality between 2010 and 2014. For that were prepared the land use maps in the period analyzed, an analysis of the functioning of STPs in the study area, a statistical analysis of the Water Quality Index (WQI) and its parameters at different points of the river. The data relative to the Baquirivu-Guacu River physico-chemicals and microbiological analyses indicate a much lower water quality in the exit of the Guarulhos municipality (WQI=16), when compared to that coming from the Aruja municipality (WQI=32). The mean values highlighted for BOD, DO, TU, TS and FC parameters indicate a considerable worsening of the Baquirivu-Guacu River waters at point BQGU 03850. The values of TN, TP and pH parameters both at the entrance and exit of the basin are close. The analysis of land use evolution and water quality shows the consequences of an improper process of urban growth in the basin and that the domestic and industrial polluting sources represent considerable risk to water quality, attesting that the sanitation works carried out up to now have not been effective in reducing the polluting charges launched in the Baquirivu-Guacu River waters.

Land use at the margins of the Atibainha Reservoir, Cantareira Water System (SP): conflict with the current legislation

The management of hydrographic basins for water supply involves land use diagnose for environmental quality assessment and liabilities resulting from practices that can be harmful to water resources. The identification of different forms of land use in Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA), as defined in the New Brazilian Forest Code (Federal Law 12.651/12), is necessary for the assessment of expected impacts on water quality. The objective of this work is to comprehend territorial dynamics in the Atibainha Reservoir tributary basin, located in Nazare Paulista and Piracaia (SP). GIS techniques were applied to define the PPA size on the margins of the reservoir, adopting widths of 100 meters for rural areas and 30 meters for urban areas. Remote sensing techniques were applied to map land cover through the automatic supervised classification. Land cover mapping showed the presence of 55.9% native forest, 29.3% undergrowth, 6.9% reforestation, 4.5% water and 3.4% of area built in the tributary basin. 98.5% of the total area of the reservoir (1596.24 km 2 ) corresponds to rural areas. The marginal Atibainha Reservoir Atibainha Reservoir PPA is composed of 58.9% native forest, 33.5% undergrowth, 5.7% built-up area and 1.9% reforestation. A growing urban development of homes and clubs around the dam is observed, affecting the PPA in varying alarming ways, which leads one to consider the urgent need of public policies for the.

Remoto Plant Structure Analysis of Cerrado Fragments by Remote Sensing

With the development of society to preserve the environment becomes essential. Biodiversity is a resource that has strategic value and is related to the territorial heterogeneity. The loss and fragmentation of natural habitats is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity resulting biotic and abiotic changes in the remaining. The Cerrado occupied 23% of the Brazilian territory in the plains of the central plateau. Estimates indicates that the Cerrado will be completely destroyed in 2030. The environmental heterogeneity contributes to the high species richness and from the environmental services offering stands out the protection of water resources. This study aims to analyze the structural vegetation of 18 Cerrado fragments by multi-temporal composite applied to Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Normalized Difference Water Index. Both indices were calculated using Landsat images 1985-2015 and a falsecolor composite was then generated to detect changes in vegetation cover. It was possible to detect changes in vegetation cover and moisture over time. The false-color multi-temporal combination proved to be a quick and easy way to locate the places where there have been changes in vegetation cover.Com o desenvolvimento das sociedades, a preservacao do meio ambiente se torna imprescindivel.A perda e a fragmentacao dos habitats naturais constituem uma das maiores ameacas a biodiversidade provocando alteracoes de origem biotica e abiotica nos remanescentes florestais, como os encontrados no bioma cerrado, que chegou a ocupar 23% do territorio brasileiro. A heterogeneidade ambiental contribui para a elevada riqueza de especies e dentre os servicos ambientais que oferece se destaca a protecao aos recursos hidricos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a estrutura da vegetacao de fragmentos de Cerrado por meio de composicao multitemporal,baseada nos Indice de Vegetacao por Diferenca Normalizada e Indice de Umidade por Diferenca Normalizada. Ambos os indices foram aplicados sobre imagens Landsat de 1985 a 2015. Posteriormente foi gerada uma composicao falsa-cor para detectar mudancas na cobertura vegetal. Foi possivel detectar mudancas da cobertura vegetal e de umidade ao longo dos trinta anos entre 1985 e 2015. A combinacao falsa-cor multitemporal se mostrou uma maneira simples e rapida para se localizar os locais onde houve mudancas na cobertura vegetal.

Geotechnology Applied to the Environmental Analysis of the Olho d’Água River Watershed, Municipality of Jardim, Mato Grosso do Sul - Brazil

A preservacao dos recursos naturais e imprescindivel para o equilibrio dos sistemas ambientais. A agua e um recurso natural indispensavel a vida. Visando a implementacao da gestao ambiental deste recurso, surgiu a Politica Nacional de Recursos Hidricos que esta baseada em alguns principios, como a adocao da Bacia Hidrografica como unidade de planejamento. O uso de geotecnologias constitui uma importante ferramenta para acao de trabalho, pois permite avaliar a area a ser estudada, visualizar a situacao da cobertura vegetal e do solo, alem de anexa-los aos bancos de dados georreferenciados. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste na analise ambiental da bacia hidrografica do Rio Olho D´agua, localizado no Municipio de Jardim, Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Para a delimitacao desta bacia foram utilizados dados SRTM e com a finalidade de avaliar a qualidade da cobertura vegetal desta area o NDVI foi calculado com base em cena do sensor Landstat TM. Posteriormente, analisaram-se as classes de Area de Preservacao Permanente existentes nessa area de estudo. Os resultados aqui encontrados foram que o estado de conservacao da APP encontra-se em conformidade com a legislacao ambiental, cumprindo o seu papel na manutencao da biodiversidade e da qualidade dos recursos hidricos. O uso de geotecnologias permitiu integrar varios niveis de informacao, gerando mapas, caracterizando o ambiente e produzindo informacao que auxilia no planejamento e gestao da Fazenda Cabeceira do Prata.

Natural and Environmental Vulnerability of the Rio Formoso Watershed, Mato Grosso do Sul

A evolucao das tecnicas de sensoriamento remoto possibilitou analisar grandes regioes com custos relativamente baixos e alto grau de confiabilidade. Essa ferramenta foi aplicada na Bacia Hidrografica do rio Formoso, Mato Grosso do Sul, com a elaboracao dos Mapas de uso e cobertura do solo dos anos de 1989 e 2005. Neste periodo constatou-se, principalmente, um aumento das areas destinadas a agropecuaria e o declinio do Cerrado. De posse dos Mapas de Uso e Ocupacao do Solo foi possivel, juntamente a outras informacoes da area (geologia, geomorfologia e associacao de solos), elaborar Mapas de Vulnerabilidade Natural e Ambiental dos anos de 1989 e 2005, com dois diferentes enfoques, definidos aqui como conservacionista e erosivo. Embora nao se possa dizer qual enfoque e genericamente mais adequado para os estudos ambientais, pode-se constatar que o enfoque erosivo se mostrou consoante com as alteracoes de uso e ocupacao do solo, relacionando de forma direta o crescimento das areas desmatadas com o aumento da vulnerabilidade, melhor traduzindo assim as preocupacoes que esta mudanca pode trazer nas caracteristicas ambientais da regiao.The evolution of the techniques of remote sensing has made possible to analyze greater regions with low cost and also high level of accuracy. This technology has been applied at the Watershed of Formoso River (State of Mato Grosso do Sul) in the elaboration of the landuse maps from 1989 and 2005. In this period has been observed an increase of the surface destined to grazing and agriculture and also the deforestation of the Biome Cerrado. Using the land use maps and other information about the area (such as geology, geomorphology and soil association) it has been elaborated the Maps of Natural and Environmental Vulnerability of 1989 and 2005 with the conservationist and the erosive approaches. Although it is not possible to airm which approach is more suitable to the environment studies, it has been possible to observe that the erosive approach became more adequate to identify modiications on the land use, demonstrating a direct relationship between the growing of deforestation and the increasing of the vulnerability, so better translating the worries that these changes can bring to the environmental characteristics of the region.

Avaliação da Qualidade da Água da Bacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Taquara do Reino, Município de Guarulhos (SP): Efeitos da Degradação Ambiental

The aim of this research is to assess the water quality in the Corrego Taquara do Reino hydrographic basin, located in the Guarulhos Municipality (Sao Paulo State -- Brazil). The study area is a segment of approximately 800 m, from the Corrego Taquara do Reino spring to its outfall. Water samples were collected from May 2013 to March 2014 in three different points. The following physical-chemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed in the field and in the laboratory: total phosphorous (Pt), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), hydrogen potential (pH), electric conductivity (EC), temperature, turbidity and fecal coliforms (Escherichia coli). The results show a high degree of environmental degradation in the Corrego Taquara do Reino basin, which progresses from an ultra-oligotrophic state in its headwaters, point 1, to a hypereutrophic state in its outfall, point 3, and also in point 2, as a function of the urban occupation in the region. The other results obtained for the physical-chemical parameters such as dissolved oxygen, turbidity and electric conductivity confirm the decrease in water quality in points 2 and 3. Total phosphorous and E. coli values found in points 2 and 3 are above the limit established by the CONAMA 357/05 legislation for a class 3 water body. A linear correlation between electric conductivity and total phosphorous and E. coli is observed, which enables the use of this parameter for a quick evaluation of the water quality in the basin.

Uso de Geotecnologia Livre na Avaliação das Mudanças na Cobertura Vegetal e da Zona de Amortecimento do Parque Estadual do Pantanal do Rio Negro, Mato Grosso do Sul

The Pantanal of Rio Negro State Park was created by State Decree of Mato Grosso do Sul No. 9941, which provides continuous monitoring of the remaining vegetation using remote sensing and semiannual update. In accordance with this decree the object of this study was to evaluate the changes in Park land cover and its Buffer Zone during the period from the creation of the park in 2000 and 2011, with the use of free geotecnologies. The results showed that deforestation around the Park is very expressive and it was possible to identify deforested areas with more dramatic and larger than 25 hectares. Thus it`s possible to take managerial measures to correct the problems and act effectively for the conservation of this magnificent wildlife sanctuary.

APLICAÇÃO DE GEOTECNOLOGIAS NO MONITORAMENTO DE PROJETOS DE RECOMPOSIÇÃO DE RESERVA LEGAL

POLLINATOR FORAGING STRATEGY IN Galactia peduncularis (BENTH.) TAUB. (LEGUMINOSAE: PAPILIONOIDEA) IN THE PARQUE ESTADUAL DA SERRA DE CALDAS NOVAS BRAZIL The way the animals look for food is an important characteristic of their behavior. The optimal foraging theory is based on the existence of a balance between costs and benefits of these behavioral decisions. The present study aimed to evaluate the behavior of the pollinator in response to increased availability of floral resources. The experiment was conducted in a recently burned Cerrado area (Campo rupestre) in the State Park of Serra de Caldas Novas , located in the municipalities of Caldas Novas and Rio Quente Brazil. The species chosen to test our hypothesis was Galactia peduncularis (Benth.) Taub. (Leguminosae: Papilionoidea). 17 pairs of specimens were selected with a number of flowers, and the individuals of each pair were spaced by about 2m. In these pairs, one of them was considered the focal, and the other, the isolated. To test possible differences in pollination between isolated plants and focus, we performed two randomization tests: a test binary (TB), where all pairs were analyzed and verified the number of times where the focus on the individual floral visits were higher than the number of visits in isolated. According to the data analyzed, floral visitors preferred to use plants that could provide a greater amount of floral resources so that the number of visitors varied positively with the increment of flowers. Plants with many flowers can provide a greater amount of food in one location so that visitors do not need to flower around for long distances in search of meeting their energy needs.