Fang Li-zhi

A statisical analysis of quasars with resolved radio components: I. The redshift-magnitude relation

Abstract In this paper a statistical investigation is made on the redshift-magnituderelation for quasars with resolved radio components. The main results are: 1. 1. The largest linear distance D between the components is an important parameter which can be used in a “standard candle” classification. 2. 2. Regression equations among redshift, apparent magnitude and D have been established with high correlation coefficients and consequently, the redshifts of these quasars are likely to be cosmological in the main. 3. 3. The redshift-distance relation was found expressible in the form r ∞ z − 0.19z2, which departs markedly from Hubbles linear relation when z > 1. 4. 4. The new redshift-distance relation also gives a tighter redshift-magnitude relation for the radio galaxies than Hubbles relation does. 5. 5. The optical luminosity of a quasar is the smaller, the larger its value of D.

On abnormal neutron stars

Abstract Based on Lee-Wicks theory of abnormal nuclear state, the possible existence of a new type of neutron stars of abnormal state is discussed. Calculation shows that there may be some stable and/or metastable abnormal neutron stars with M ∼ M ⊙ .

Statistical analysis of quasars with resolved radio components II. Variations of absolute visual magnitude, absolute radio magnitude and color index difference Q with linear separation of components, some associated evolution features

Abstract Using the standard candle classification by means of the linear distance D between the components, described in Paper I of this series, we have succeeded in uncovering, amongst quasars with maximum angular sizes, the statistical relations between visual magnitude and redshift, and between D and the absolute visual and radio magnitudes and the color index differences Q. These relations point to the following evolutionary features: 1. 1. The optical liminosity decreases with increasing D . dM ν dD = 10 m .6/ Mpc . 2. 2. The radio luminosity decreases with increasing D . dM 408−5000 dD = 9 m .17 Mpc . 3. 3. The color index difference Q decreases with increasing D . dQ dD = −1 m .55/ Mpc . 4. 4. The radio spectral type, as defined by the spectral index, shows no evolution in general. 5. 5. The optical radiation is mainly non-thermal, but the thermal component increases as the quasar evolves. 6. 6. The evolution time scales, as estimated from the variations in optical and radio luminosities and Q, have about the same value of 16 × 10 6 y. 7. 7. The above features are consistent with the view that QSOs evolve to galaxies. 8. 8. There is no apparent dependence of D on distance, i.e. no evidence that all QSOs were formed at the same epoch. This is contrary to the views of big bang cosmologies.

Some evolutionary characteristics of radio galaxies with double structures

Abstract In this paper a statistical investigation has been made on some characteristics of the evolution of radio galaxies with double structure. 77 radio galaxies with known redshifts are selected. The main results are as follows: 1. In the angular size-redshift diagram, there appears to be a lower bound (θmin −z), which corresponds to a minimum linear size D min ⋍ 40 kpc . It looks as though all double structures are initially formed with this size. 2. The radio luminosity (L), volume (V) and total energy (E) of individual components vary with the linear separation D. There may be a critical separation D c ⋍ 600 kpc such that when D D c, L, V and E remain essentially constant. Somewhat unexpectedly, there seems to be no correlation between E/V (or L/V) and D. 3. Among radio galaxies with the largest linear size, the absolute visual magnitudes appear to get fainter with increasing D at the rate of about +4.8m/Mpc.

An interpretation of the general character of the X-ray emission from compact object in close binary stars

Abstract The emission mechanism from X-ray sources in close binary stars is studied. It is suggested that pair production may play an important role in the X-ray emission region which is formed by the accretion of a compact object (a neutron star or a black hole). The present model accounts qualitatively for the following observed general properties in X-ray binaries: 1. 1. The X-ray luminosity lies within the range 10 36 −10 38 erg/sec. 2. 2. The X-ray energy spectrum can in the majority of cases be represented either the power-law or the thermal bremsstrahlung form. 3. 3. The temperature of the thermal bremsstrahlung spectrum is the order of 10 8 K. 4. 4. The form of the energy spectrum does not change appreciably when the luminosity fluctuates.

Effect of non-zero rest-mass of neutrinos on clustering in the early universe

Abstract This paper discusses the effect of neutrinos with non-zero rest-mass on the clustering process in the early universe. The early universe is regarded as a two-component fluid, one component being the de-coupled neutrinos, and the other being matter and radiation, between the two there is only the gravitational coupling. The main conclusions are: (1) such neutrinos will cause clustering of matter before the epoch of re-combination; (2) the mass so clustered will be in the range of the mass of clusters of galaxies; (3) there exists a preferential clustering scale, corresponding to the earliest onset of Jeans instability; (4) if the rest-mass is below a certain value, then there will be no effect.

Determinations of the cosmological deceleration parameter based on various quasar subsets

Abstract Published determinations of the deceleration parameter qo based on various selected subsets are reviewed and a uniform re-determination is made according to a procedure given in /1/. The resulting q 0 -values from 8 largely independant samples of radio quasars all fall within the 4σ range obtained in /1/, namely, 1.0 ⩽ q 0 ⩽ 3.5. The most important assumption made is that the characteristic luminosity of radio quasars is independant of the cosmic epoch. Thus, unless radio quasars at earlier times were much more luminous than the later ones, the universe is probably closed.

The phase shift between the stellar and gaseous arms in the spiral galaxies M81 and M51

Abstract In this paper, the phase shift between the stellar and gaseous arms in the spiral galaxies M81 and M51 has been computed. It is found that the calculated pattern of the spiral arms agree in general with the observational results of 21 cm radio emission.

The separation velocity of radio components in QSOs

Abstract For a QSO with double radio components, the separation velocity of its radio components with respect to the optical parent body can be derived from the radio flux ratio of the two components and the evolution law of radio luminosity derived in a previous paper. The observational data of 26 samples have been analysed and the following results obtained: the separation velocity is within the range 0.2 – 0.14 c, the average velocity ∼0.09 c and the upper limit of the initial eruption velocity ∼0.35 c.

Concepts of Space and Time in Ancient China and in Modern Cosmology

Just as “the manifold forms of Greek philosophy contain in embryo, in the nascent state, almost all later modes of outlook on the world,”2 germs of modern science can also be found in ancient Chinese philosophy and scientific ideology. Concepts of time, space and the cosmos, which are important components of man’s view of nature, are no exception. Some ideas of time and space in modern physics and cosmology are also reflected in ancient Chinese works.