Farheen Khan

Reactive Oxygen Species Mediated Bacterial Biofilm Inhibition via Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Statistical Determination

The formation of bacterial biofilm is a major challenge in clinical applications. The main aim of this study is to describe the synthesis, characterization and biocidal potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) against bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These nanoparticles were synthesized via soft chemical solution process in a very short time and their structural properties have been investigated in detail by using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy measurements. In this work, the potential of synthesized ZnO-NPs (∼10–15 nm) has been assessed in-vitro inhibition of bacteria and the formation of their biofilms was observed using the tissue culture plate assays. The crystal violet staining on biofilm formation and its optical density revealed the effect on biofilm inhibition. The NPs at a concentration of 100 µg/mL significantly inhibited the growth of bacteria and biofilm formation. The biofilm inhibition by ZnO-NPs was also confirmed via bio-transmission electron microscopy (Bio-TEM). The Bio-TEM analysis of ZnO-NPs treated bacteria confirmed the deformation and damage of cells. The bacterial growth in presence of NPs concluded the bactericidal ability of NPs in a concentration dependent manner. It has been speculated that the antibacterial activity of NPs as a surface coating material, could be a feasible approach for controlling the pathogens. Additionally, the obtained bacterial solution data is also in agreement with the results from statistical analytical methods.

Statistical analysis of gold nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in myoblast (C2C12) cells.

Nanoscale gold particles (Au-NPs) with a diameter below 20nm are notably important candidates for various important applications because of their extraordinary quantum size effects. Their high surface area-to-volume ratio facilitates their very high reactivities; therefore, they can be utilised in different ways in biomedical applications. For example, these nanoparticles can penetrate into cells and bind with proteins or DNA and are therefore potential nanostructures employed for sensing and detecting various biological identities. In the present work, we synthesised Au-NPs via a colloidal process using chloroauric acid (HAuCl4·4H2O) and trisodium citrate dihydrate (N3C6H5O7) as a reducing agent. The shape evolution and the structural properties of these NPs were investigated in detail using TEM and high resolution HR-TEM investigations. Different doses of Au NPs have been applied to treat C2C12 myoblast cells in a 24-h incubation period, and a dose-dependent study has also been performed. The cells were cultivated in DMEM with FBS and antibiotics (strepto-penicillin) at 37°C in a 5% humidified environment of CO2 and 95% air. Cell viability analysis using MTT assays revealed that increased concentration of Au NPs (100-1000 ng/mL) resulted in a decreased density of cells. The amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C2C12 cells analysed with Au-NPs (in a dose-dependent manner), and the RT-PCR data demonstrated the up-regulation of caspase-3 and caspase-7 genes in C2C12 cells after treatment with Au-NPs. These results have been confirmed by detailed confocal microscopy (CLSM) studies. In addition, the quantitative analysis of the Au-NPs was also confirmed by statistical analytical parameters, such as precision, accuracy, linearity, limits of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ), quantitative recoveries and relative standard deviation (RSD), and the analyses again exhibited a significant and large effect of Au NPs on C2C12 cells.

Self-Styled ZnO Nanostructures Promotes the Cancer Cell Damage and Supresses the Epithelial Phenotype of Glioblastoma.

Extensive researches have been done on the applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) for the biological purposes. However, the role and toxicity mechanisms of ZnO nanostructures (ZnO-NSts) such as nanoplates (NPls), nanorods (NRs), nanosheets (NSs), nanoflowers (NFs) on cancer cells are not largely known. Present study was focused to investigate the possible mechanisms of apoptosis induced by self-designed ZnO-NSts, prepared at fix pH via solution process and exposed against human T98G gliomas including various cancers and non-malignant embryonic kidney HEK293, MRC5 fibroblast cells. NSts were used for the induction of cell death in malignant human T98G gliomas including various cancers and compared with the non-malignant cells. Notably, NRs were found to induce higher cytotoxicity, inhibitory effects on cancer and normal cells in a dose dependent manner. We also showed that NRs induced cancer cell death through oxidative stress and caspase-dependent pathways. Furthermore, quantitative and qualitative analysis of ZnO-NSts have also been confirmed by statistical analytical parameters such as precision, accuracy, linearity, limits of detection and limit of quantitation. These self-styled NSts could provide new perception in the research of targeted cancer nanotechnology and have potentiality to improve new therapeutic outcomes with poor diagnosis.

Antibacterial studies and statistical design set data of quasi zinc oxide nanostructures

The present paper describes a systematic study of bacterial growth measured and analysed via UV-visible spectroscopy, which reveals a strong dependence on pH. The morphology of the zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures (from sheets to flowers) varies with respect to change in pH and hence their different abilities to inhibit the bacterial (E. coli, S. aureus and K. pneumoniae) densities. The solution of zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O) was optimized by the addition of NaOH and HCl to obtain various pH values, ranging from pH 7 to 12. The optimized (pH 7, 10 and 12) solutions of zinc acetate dihydrate were further refluxed to obtain the different morphologies, and subsequently qualitative and quantitative determinations were studied. Absorption spectra of the resulting solutions were recorded at desired pH values, and all measurements were obtained at 600 nm with respect to corresponding control solution or blank. The linearity of the proposed method was evaluated at five concentration levels in the range from 0.5 to 2.0 μg mL−1. Minute quantities of the different morphological nanostructures were used to determine the analytical parameters, such as correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.9995, 0.9998, 0.9990), limit of detection (LOD, 0.053, 0.027 and 0.072 μg mL−1), limit of quantitation (LOQ, 0.016, 0.083 and 0.220 μg mL−1), respectively. Relative standard deviation and quantitative recoveries (RSD%) range from 0.113 to 1.58% and 98.66–100.88%. The morphologies of bacteria (E. coli, S. aureus and K. pneumoniae) and their interactions with synthesized ZnO nanostructures were analysed with Bio-TEM. The study suggests that the grown ZnO nanostructures with variable morphologies exhibit good accuracy and precision, revealed by statistical parameters and recovery data.

Zinc oxide quantum dots: multifunctional candidates for arresting C2C12 cancer cells and their role towards caspase 3 and 7 genes

Recently, nanoscale (<100 nm) inorganic materials, especially spherical shaped zinc oxide quantum dots (ZnO-QDs), have received a lot of attention from the broad community because of their potential utilization in various technologies. Due to their large surface to volume (S/V) ratios and extremely high reactivities, they can easily penetrate in various biological identities, such as cells and proteins, and therefore can sense, diagnose and cure different biological systems. The present study describes the facile synthesis of crystalline ZnO-QDs via a solution process. In addition, C2C12 myoblast cancer cells have been treated with different doses of ZnO-QDs at different incubation times (24, 48, 72 and 96 h). The rate of inhibition of cells was observed using an MTT assay, whereas the morphology of the cells was observed by confocal microscopy (CLSM). The MTT and CLSM investigations confirmed that with an increase in the incubation time, the population density of cancer cells was decreased when treated with ZnO-QDs. The dose dependent apoptosis correlated with intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from C2C12 cancer cells was also measured in presence of ZnO-QDs. Moreover, the effect/apoptosis of these QDs was also checked in the presence of candidate genes such as caspase 3/7 with GAPDH. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis demonstrates the up-regulation of caspase 3/7 genes in cells subsequently treated with ZnO-QDs at low and high concentrations.

Hydrogen adsorption properties of nano- and microstructures of ZnO

Nanoparticles, microflowers, and microspheres of zinc oxide have been synthesized in a large quantity via solution process at low temperature and were tested for the hydrogen adsorption studies. The experiments were carried out using Sieverts apparatus which resulted in highest hydrogen adsorption value for nanoparticles is ∼1.220 wt%, whereas for microflower composed with thin sheets value reduced (∼1.011wt%) but in case of microspheres composed with nanoparticles having below one wt% (∼0.966 wt%). The FE-SEM and XRD clarify that the obtained products are crystalline with wurtzite phase. Including morphological and crystalline characterization, the surface area of the prepared nano- and microstructures was observed with BET.

Photocatalytic TMO-NMs adsorbent: Temperature-Time dependent Safranine degradation, sorption study validated under optimized effective equilibrium models parameter with standardized statistical analysis.

In this paper, chemically synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs), were employed for two processes: one is photocatalytic degradation and second one adsorption for the sorption of safranine (SA) dye in an aqueous medium at pH = 12.01. The optimized analytes amount (nano-adsorbent = 0.10 g, conc. range of SA dye 56.13 ppm to 154.37 ppm, pH = 12.01, temperature 303 K) reached to equilibrium point in 80 min, which acquired for chemical adsorption-degradation reactions. The degredated SA dye data’s recorded by UV-visible spectroscopy for the occurrence of TMO-NMs of CuO-NPs at anticipated period of interval. The feasible performance of CuO-NPs was admirable, shows good adsorption capacity qm = 53.676 mg g−1 and most convenient to best fitted results establish by linear regression equation, corresponded for selected kinetic model (pseudo second order (R2 = 0.9981), equilibrium isotherm models (Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubnin-Radushkevich (D-R), Temkin, H-J and Halsey), and thermodynamic parameters (∆H° = 75461.909 J mol−1, ∆S° = 253.761 J mol−1, ∆G° = −1427.93 J mol−1, Ea = 185.142 J mol−1) with error analysis. The statistical study revealed that CuO-NPs was an effective adsorbent certified photocatalytic efficiency (η = 84.88%) for degradation of SA dye, exhibited more feasibility and good affinity toward adsorbate, the sorption capacity increases with increased temperature at equilibrium point.

Photocatalytic activity and statistical determination of ball-shaped zinc oxide NPs with methylene blue dye

ABSTRACT Ball-shaped zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-BNPs) were synthesized via a chemical solution process and the obtained BNPs used in a photocatalytic degradation process against methylene blue (MB) dye showed excellent photocatalytic properties (efficiency 72.37%). The analytical parameters, such as validity, reliability, accuracy, precision, linearity, range, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), selectivity, specificity, and stability, were applied to confirm and fix the effective concentration of BNP suspension solution, affected by MB dye. The absorption spectra of ZnO-BNPs, MB dye, and ZnO-BNPs with MB dye were recorded at a maximum absorbance of λmax 480, 650, and 690 nm, respectively.

Nanotransition Materials (NTMs): Photocatalysis, Validated High Effective Sorbent Models Study for Organic Dye Degradation and Precise Mathematical Data’s at Standardized Level

The present work describes the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) via a solution process with the aim of applying the nano-adsorbent for the reduction of methylene blue (MB) dye in alkaline media. These NPs were characterized via Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction, high-resolution Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultra violet UV-visible spectroscopy to confirm their morphology and crystalline and optical properties in order to design an adsorption-degradation process. The photocatalytic CuONPs exhibited dynamic properties, great adsorption affinity during the chemisorption process, and operated at various modes with a strong interaction between the adsorbent and the adsorptive species, and equilibrium isotherm, kinetic isotherm, and thermodynamic activities in the presence of UV light. All basic quantities, such as concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, time, and temperature, were determined by an optimization process. The best-fitted adsorption Langmuir model (R2 = 0.9988) and performance, including adsorption capacity (350.87 mg/g), photocatalytic efficiency (90.74%), and degradation rate constant (Ks = 2.23 ×10−2 min−1), illustrate good feasibility with respect to sorption-reduction reactions but followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic on the adsorbent surface, reaching an equilibrium point in 80 min. The thermodynamic analysis suggests that the adsorption reaction is spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (∆H°), entropy (∆S°), and Gibbs free energy (∆G°) give effective results to support a chemical reduction reaction at 303 K temperature. The equilibrium isotherm and kinetic and thermodynamic models with error function analysis explore the potential, acceptability, accuracy, access to adsorbents, and novelty of an unrivaled-sorption system.