Farid Ahmad Khan

Effect of Time Interval Between Tumescent Local Anesthesia Infiltration and Start of Surgery on Operative Field Visibility in Hand Surgery Without Tourniquet

PURPOSE To determine the optimal time interval between tumescent local anesthesia infiltration and the start of hand surgery without a tourniquet for improved operative field visibility. METHODS Patients aged 16 to 60 years who needed contracture release and tendon repair in the hand were enrolled from the outpatient clinic. Patients were randomized to 10-, 15-, or 25-minute intervals between tumescent anesthetic solution infiltration (0.18% lidocaine and 1:221,000 epinephrine) and the start of surgery. The end point of tumescence anesthetic infiltration was pale and firm skin. The surgical team was blinded to the time of anesthetic infiltration. At the completion of the procedure, the surgeon and the first assistant rated the operative field visibility as excellent, fair, or poor. We used logistic regression models without and with adjustment for confounding variables. RESULTS Of the 75 patients enrolled in the study, 59 (79%) were males, 7 were randomized to 10-minute time intervals (further randomization was stopped after interim analysis found consistently poor operative field visibility), and 34 were randomized to the each of the 15- and 25-minute groups. Patients who were randomized to the 25-minute delay group had 29 times higher odds of having an excellent operative visual field than those randomized to the 15-minute delay group. After adjusting for age, sex, amount of tumescent solution infiltration, and duration of operation, the odds ratio remained highly significant. CONCLUSIONS We found that an interval of 25 minutes provides vastly superior operative field visibility; 10-minute delay had the poorest results. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic I.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Blood Glucose Measurements in Detecting Venous Compromise in Flaps.

AbstractDue to limitations of the current methods for monitoring flap circulation, newer methods with better diagnostic accuracy are needed. A drop in blood glucose levels within flap is a simple method that can be widely used; however, this method has been examined only in small cohorts. The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of blood glucose measurements within flaps in early detection of venous compromise. We sampled 127 pedicled and free flaps, including replants, performed on patients between 12 and 60 years of age. Within flap blood glucose measurements were performed using pinprick and a blood glucose meter at 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after operation. Daily examination for clinical signs of venous compromise was used to determine flap viability for up to 7th day after operation. Of the 127 flaps, 76 (60%) were performed on men and the mean age ± standard deviation of the patients was 35.8 ± 12.1 years. A cut-off value of 62 mg/dL was determined using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Using this cut-off value, the sensitivity and positive predictive values of within flap blood glucose for determining venous compromise were 90% and 91%, respectively, whereas the specificity and negative predictive values were 78% and 76%, respectively. The overall diagnostic accuracy of within flap blood glucose was 87%. We conclude that blood glucose measurement within flap has acceptable diagnostic accuracy and should be used for early detection of venous compromise.

Outcome of modified turn in flaps for the lining with primary cartilage support in nasal reconstruction.

AbstractTurning in adjacent skin from the residual nose to line a full-thickness defect is still a controversial option. Text books continue to perpetuate that such flaps are poorly vascularized and may not survive if longer than 1.5 cm. The rationale of our study was to challenge the traditional thoughts about the turn-in flaps for the lining and describe our modified technique of raising these flaps so that well-vascularized thin tissue can be provided for the lining. The study was conducted at the Department of Plastic Surgery, KEMU, Lahore, from January 2007 to March 2011. Eighteen patients were included. They had posttraumatic full-thickness nasal defect of variable extent, involving the lower third of the nose. In the first stage of reconstruction, the epithelialized portion and 5-mm portion of normal adjoining skin were dermabraded. The residual skin of nasal dorsum, side walls, and alae was turned in to form inner lining of 2 nostrils. These flaps were based on healthy dermabraded skin to ensure adequate blood supply. Residual septal and conchal cartilages were used for primary support. Standard ipsilateral paramedian forehead flap with slight oblique design was used for resurfacing. Final assessment of airway patency and alar rim contour was made by the patient at 6 months as satisfactory, just satisfactory, and not satisfactory. There were 12 female and 6 male patients. There was necrosis of distal portion of the forehead flap in 1 case. Partial graft loss at the donor site with bone exposure was noted in another case. There was partial dehiscence and necrosis of turndown flap in 3cases. Mean flap size was 2.05 ± 0.28 cm. As regards airway patency, 12 patients were satisfied, 4 patients were just satisfied, and 2 patients were unsatisfied. When asked about alar rim contour, 3 patients said it to be satisfactory, 9 patients found it just satisfactory, and 6 patients declared it unsatisfactory. Nasal turndown flaps provide reliable tissue for the lining and allow primary placement of cartilage grafts.

Comparison of Clinical Outcome of Facial Artery Myomucosal Flap and Tongue Flap for Closure of Large Anterior Palatal Fistulas.

AbstractClosure of large anterior palatal fistula has high recurrence rate. The objective of this study was to compare the clinical outcome of facial artery myomucosal flap (FAMM flap) and tongue flap used for closure of large anterior palatal fistula. This study was conducted from March 2008 to March 2014. Thirty-nine patients, aged 2 to 40 years, who had anterior palatal fistula 5 to 20 mm in width with associated alveolar cleft and repaired with either a tongue flap or FAMM flap were included. Patients were excluded if they had adequate local palatal tissue for closure, mid, posterior or multiple fistulae, fistula width >20 mm. Closure was performed in 2 layers. Turndown flap of oral mucoperiosteum was used to reconstruct nasal layer and oral layer was reconstructed with FAMM flap in 16 and tongue flap in 23 patients. Mean(SD) pain score was 3(1) and 7(1) in FAMM flap and tongue flap groups respectively with a P value <0.096. All patients in tongue flap group experienced difficulty in speaking and eating whereas in FAMM flap group 2 had eating problem and 2 experienced speech difficulty. Mean(SD) total operative times for FAMM flap and tongue flap were 155(38) and 242(10) minutes, respectively, P value <0.002. There was no difference for other complications and no recurrence at 1 year follow-up in both groups. The authors concluded that FAMM flap should be considered first choice for closure of large anterior palatal fistulas associated with alveolar cleft as it requires less total operative time and has less early postoperative complications.

Factors associated with postpiercing auricular cartilage keloids.

OBJECTIVE To determine the factors responsible for postpiercing auricular cartilage keloids. STUDY DESIGN Observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Department of Plastic Surgery, King Edward Medical University (KEMU), Lahore, from March 2007 to July 2010. METHODOLOGY Fifty patients of post-earpiercing keloids affecting the cartilaginous portion were included in the study. Patients with keloids at any other site, positive family history of keloids and recurrent keloids were excluded. Information regarding age at piercing, site of piercing, use of gun or home sewing needle for piercing, use of jewellery other than gold postpiercing, itching or redness with use of jewellery, tight fitting of jewellery in the piercing hole and postpiercing infection was collected. Fisher exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to analyse the data. RESULTS All the patients had low lobule piercing at a mean age of 4.52 + 1.15 years and cartilage piercing at an average age of 22.32 + 3.74 years (p < 0.001). Eleven patients (22%) had also simultaneous high piercing in the lobule. Only cartilage piercing sites developed the keloids. Postpiercing infection was present in all the 50 patients of cartilage piercing whereas only 3 out of 11 high lobule piercing sites got infected (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Cartilage bearing portion of the ear is more likely to form keloids due to its piercing in or after adolescence and prolonged wound healing caused by infection.

A Modified Suction-Assisted Technique of Transfer of Diced Cartilage Graft to Carrier Material and Outcome of Direct Injection of Unwrapped Diced Cartilage in Rhinoplasty

Objective: To describe a modified suction-assisted technique (MSAT) of transfer of diced cartilage (DC) graft to a carrier material and to determine the clinical outcome of direct injection of unwrapped diced cartilage (UDC) in rhinoplasty. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Plastic Surgery, KEMU, Mayo Hospital, Lahore from February 2011 to January 2015 Methods: Forty-seven patients of both genders with types 0 to 3 saddle nose deformity were included. Patients with types 4 and 5 saddle nose deformity, diabetes, hypertension, hepatic or renal disorders were excluded. Open tip rhinoplasty was performed in all patients. Eighth and/or ninth costal cartilage was harvested. Cartilage graft was diced into 1 to 2 mm pieces. The DC graft was transferred to carrier material (1-mL syringe) with MSAT. The UDC was then injected into nose and clinical outcome was determined. Results: Out of 47 patients included in the study 62% were females with mean (standard deviation [SD]) age 22 (4) years. Thirty-four (72%) procedures were primary rhinoplasties while 13 (28%) were secondary rhinoplasties. Mean (SD) carrier material filling time was 12±3 seconds. All operating surgeons involved in study were satisfied with modified suction technique and declared it better than the traditional manual technique of filling the carrier material. Most of the patients were satisfied with their postoperative nasal appearance and complications were minimal. One patient required revision of surgery due to dorsal contour irregularities and another due to partial cartilage absorption at 13 ± 2 months follow-up. Conclusion: Our MSAT of transfer of DC and injection of UDC is simple, easy to perform, reduces operative time and produces acceptable cosmetic outcome as regard patients satisfaction.

Outcome of Management of Vascular Malformations of Lip.

Objectives:To describe the characteristics and outcome of management of vascular malformations of lip. Place and Duration of Study:The Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Unit, King Edward Medical University, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, from January 2009 to December 2013. Methods:A prospective case series of 38 patients with vascular malformation of lip was performed. Demographic information and clinical features were noted. Treatment employed, complications, functional, and cosmetic outcome were recorded. Surgical debulking was performed as definitive treatment in all patients and nonsurgical techniques were added as adjuvant modalities in 18 patients. Sclerotherapy was performed for venous malformations in 10 patients. LASER was performed in 8 patients with capillary or combined malformations. Arterial malformations were managed surgically without embolization. Postexcision defects were closed primarily in 36 patients with Abbe flap in 1 and nasolabial flap in another patient for reconstruction. Results:Of 38 patients included in the study 20 (53%) were males with mean (SD) age 18 (6) years. Twenty-one percent were high and 79% low-flow malformations (29% venous, 16% capillary, and 34% combined). Lower lip was involved in 70% patients with 95% having difficulty in eating and 87% abnormal speech. Referring diagnosis was incorrect in 35% patients. Postsclerotherapy and postexcision pain scores were mean (SD) 5 (1.26) and 4 (1) respectively. All patients had improvement in eating and speech with restoration of normal muscle function in mean (SD) 5.63 (1.2) weeks. Ninety-five percent patients were satisfied with their outlook. One patient had recurrence at 1 year follow-up. Conclusion:Surgical debulking with proper use of adjuvant procedure for vascular malformations of lip produces best functional and aesthetic results with minimal complications.