Farzad Jalilian

Predicting Aggression among Male Adolescents: an Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior

BACKGROUND Aggressive behaviorin adolescencecan be expressed asa predictorfor crime, substanceabuse, depression and academic failure. The purpose of this study was to determine the prediction of aggression among Iranian adolescent based on theory of planned behavior (TPB) as a theoretical framework. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, conducted in Yasuj County, south of Iran, during 2011, a total of 256 male adolescents, were randomly enrolled. Participants filled out a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21 using bivariate correlations, and linear regression statistical tests at 95% signifi-cant level. RESULT The three predictor variables of 1) attitude, 2) subjective norms, and 3) perceived behavioral control, accounted for 40% of the variation in the outcome measure of the aggression intention. Besides, intention accounted for 15% of the variation in the outcome measure of the aggression behavior. There was a sig-nificant correlation between drug abuse and alcohol consumption, have friend drug user, unprotect sex and parents divorced with aggression (P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Designing intervention to reduction positive attitude and subjective norms toward aggressive behavior among adolescents could be usefulness result to aggression prevention.

Pap smear test Promotion among Women: An Educational Intervention Based on Theory of Planned Behavior

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in the world and the most common cancer in developing countries. Pap smear is the single effective method in reducing deaths because of cervical cancer. This study was conducted to evaluate Pap smear test promotion intervention efficiency among women in Iran and theory of planned behavior was applied as theoretical framework. This interventional - study was accomplished by choosing 120 women in two health Centre randomly divided into experimental and con- trol groups. Three months after educational intervention results were evaluated. Participants responded to the standard self-report ques- tionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS-16. It was found significant improvements in average response for Attitude (P=0.004), subjective norms (P<0.001), perceived behavior control (P=0.010) and behavioral intention (P=0.000) toward undergoing Pap smear among inter- vention group. Additionally after intervention, the rate of doing Pap smear test was increased among intervention group (P=0.013). This study indicated the educational program based on theory of planned behavior could encourage the women to do Pap smear test.

Intention and Behavioral Stages in Pap Testing: A Cross-Sectional Study among Kermanshah Women’s, the west of Iran

Pap smear test is effective screening method for cervical cellular changes evaluation, before has become cervical cancer. The aim of this study was determine status of Pap smear test performed among women based on theory of planned behavior and stages of change. This cross-sectional study, conducted among 330 women referred to Kermanshah health centers that were selected in multistage. Use of standard questionnaire included in three sections: demographic, theory of planned behavior and stages of change structures to data gathering. Data were analyzed by SPSS-21. 31.5% (97 cases) of participants had followed a regular Pap smear program. Attitude, sub- jective norms and perceived behavior control counted for 31% of the Pap smear behavior intention (R2=31% & P< 0.001). Most of wom- en (160 cases, 51.9%) in the pre-contemplation and contemplation to regular undergoing Pap smear test. Factors affecting in doing health behaviors can be useful in health planning, the present findings showed, in design of behavioral interventions to promotion of pap testing in women should special emphasis in role of subjective norms in each of the stages of change.

Prevalence of Enterobius Vermicularis (pinworm) in Kermanshah city nurseries, using Graham: 2014

Oxyuriasis is the most prevalent parasitic diseases in children and over 200 million people on Earth are infected. Aim of this study was investigation of prevalence of Enterobius Vermicularis in Kermanshah city nurseries. This was cross sectional (descriptive - analysis) study. Cluster Random Sampling was donning. Data were collected by questionnaire. According to the prevalence of this disease, Sam- ple size was determined 92 subjects in Kermanshah city nurseries. Samples were examined in the Kermanshah reference laboratory of parasitology. Chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between infection and different variables. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 18. In this study, 95 children were observed from kindergartens in Kermanshah. In 14.7% of the children oxyuriasis (pinworm) was diagnosed. In total, 13.7% were infected for the first time. Significant relationship between sex and oxyuriasis where ob- served. Among these children 7% had sucking habits, 14.3% had itching symptoms and 57% had sign of fatigue. The relationship be- tween father job and mother job with Oxyuriasis were statistically significant. The prevalence of oxyure among children in Kermanshah city kindergartens was 14.7%. Attention to personal hygiene by parents can help in reducing the disease. In all societies, whether poor or rich, if they do not observe hygiene and care towards children, prevalence of this disease is increased. Girls more attention to health and therefore they are less Oxyuriasis.

Perceptual Factors Related to register as Organ Donors among Iranian Medical College Student

One of the major treatments for many diseases is organ transplantation. The objective of this study was to determine factors related to register as organ donors among Iranian college student based on the theory of planned behavior. This cross-sectional study was con- ducted on 320 college students in Hamadan University of medical sciences. Participants filled out a standard self-administered ques- tionnaire including the expanded theory of planned behavior components. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21 using correlation, linear and logistic regression statistical tests at 95% significant level. Our result showed 6.6% of participants reported registered as an organ donor card. The most of participants have reported save people life most effective factor that motivation them to register as an or- gan donor card. The TPB variable, accounted for 33% of the variation in the outcome measure of the intention to organ donor card regis- tered. The best predictor for organ donor card registered was subjective norm with odds ratio estimate of 1.23 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.44). Comprehensive educational programs need to emphasize on psychological factors that mediate and predict behaviors. According to the results, donor organ associated with subjective norms in community; It seems special attention to importance culture in the organ dona- tion to save human lives utilizes by influence persons at community, could be benefit results.

Prevalence, Cognitive and Socio-Demographic Determinants of Prostate Cancer Screening

Screening may be effective for reducing deaths due to prostate cancer. The aim of this study was determine the prevalence and determinants influencing prostate cancer early detection behaviors based on the theory planned behavior (TPB). In this cross-sectional study, conducted in the west of Iran, a total of 250 men aged 50 to 70 years old were randomly selected to participate. Of these, 200 (80%) signed the consent form and voluntarily agreed to take part. A structured questionnaire based on TPB constructs was applied for collecting data by interview. Analyses were conducted with SPSS version 16 using bivariate correlations, and logistic and linear regression. Some 26.5% of the participants demonstrated prostate cancer early detection behavior. Age higher than 60 (OR: 5.969), academic education (OR: 2.904), number of family members more than four (OR: 3.144), and knowledge about prostate cancer (OR: 3.693) were the most influential predictive factors for early detection behavior. Furthermore, among the TPB constructs, attitude (OR=1.090) and subjective norms (OR=1.280) were the most influential predictors. Attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control accounted for 43% of the variation in the outcome measure of the intention to screen for prostate cancer (adjusted R squared= 0.43, F= 49.270 and P < 0.001). Designing and implementation programs to increase positive attitudes and encourage subjective norms towards prostate cancer screening behavior may be useful for promotion of early detection.

Socio-Cognitive Determinants of the Mammography Screening Uptake among Iranian Women

Background: Mammography screening uptake is the most effective method in breast cancer screening. The aim of this study was to determine the determinants related to mammography screening uptake among Iranian women based on the theory of planned behavior. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 408 women who referred to health centers in Kermanshah city, the western of Iran, during 2016. Participants filled out a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21 using Pearson correlation, linear and logistic regression statistical tests at 95% significant level. Results: The mean age of participants was 39.61 years [SD: 8.28], ranged from 30 to 60 years. Almost 13% of the participants had already mammography screening uptake at least once. Perceived behavioral control (OR=1.229) and behavioral intention (OR=1.283) were the more influential predictors on mammography screening uptake. Conclusions: Based on result, it seems increase perceived behavior control toward mammography screening uptake may be usefulness in promotion of mammography screening uptake among Iranian women.

Theory Based Factors Related to Perceptions of Professional Commitment among Pharmacy Students in west of Iran

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 103 pharmacy students in Kermanshah University of medical sci-ences in the west of Iran, during 2014. Participants were randomly selected to participate voluntarily in the study. Participants filled out a self-administered questionnaire including the theory of planned behavior components. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21 using bivariate correlations, t-test, and linear regression statistical tests at 95% significant level. The mean age of respondents was 22.3 years [95% CI: 21.9, 22.6], ranged from 20 to 28 years. The mean score of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and professional commitment were 53.27, 19.23, 18.69, and 33.80, respectively. The results showed that professional commitment was correlat-ed with the positive attitude (r=0.506) and subjective norms (r=0.365), and perceived behavioral control (r=-0.213). Our findings showed the three predictor variables of (1) attitude, (2) subjective norms, and (3) perceived behavioral control accounted for 26% of the variation in professional commitment among pharmacy students. In addition, attitude toward professional commitment was the most influential predictor on perceptions of profes-sional commitment.

Gender Differences in Communication with People Who Stutter: A brief research of Attitude, Subjective Norms and Behavior Intention

1 Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 2 MSc of Health Education, Department of Health Education, School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran 3 Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran 4 Research Institute of Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran 5 Ph.D of Health Services Administration, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran