Fatma Inal

The effects of withdrawal of vitamin and trace mineral supplements from layer diets on egg yield and trace mineral composition.

1. This study was conducted as three trials. 2. In the first trial, zinc, manganese, copper and iron concentrations were determined in dietary raw materials collected from various regions of Turkey. 3. In the second trial, 200 Hisex Brown laying hens, 30 weeks of age, were divided into two groups. The first group served as controls and were fed on a standard commercial layer diet. The second group were fed on a commercial layer diet that was not supplemented with trace minerals and vitamins. Egg production, egg weight, specific gravity, food consumption and food efficiency of the birds in each group were determined. In the unsupplemented group, egg production (0.75 vs 0.83) and food intake (114 vs 122 g) were lower than the those of the control group (P<0.05). Food efficiency was 2.42 (kg food/ kg gain) in the group consuming the unsupplemented diet and 2.36 in the controls. 4. In the third trial, as in Trial 2, Hisex Brown laying hens, 62 weeks of age were used. In the unsupplemented group, the mean egg weight was significantly lower than that of controls (68.0 vs 69.6 g) (P<0.01). 5. At the end of the second and third trials, egg samples collected from experimental groups were hard boiled in water. The levels of zinc, manganese, copper and iron in the egg yolk were determined. The zinc level of the egg yolk from the control group of second trial was higher (23.5 mg/kg) than those of the unsupplemented group (13.6 mg/kg).

Effect of lactose and dried whey supplementation on growth performance and histology of the immune system in broilers.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of lactose and dried whey supplementation as dietary component on growth performance and histology of lymphoid organs and ileum in broilers. A total of 480 day-old chicks were utilised for 42 days. Animals were assigned randomly to one of three treatments: control, lactose (2.5%), and dried whey (3.85%). Body weight was greater for animals supplemented with lactose or dried whey than for those not supplemented. There were no effects of treatments on feed intake and feed efficiency. In general, the effects of lactose or dried whey supplementation on histology of lymphoid organs and ileum were variable. Plasma cell counts were lower for animals supplemented with lactose than for those supplemented with dried whey. However, the length of intestinal villi during the starter period was greater for experimental groups than for control group.

Performance of indigenous and exotic×indigenous sheep breeds fed different diets in spring and the efficiency of feeding system in crop–livestock farming

(Received 31 December 2013; revised 9 April 2014; accepted 27 May 2014)SUMMARYGeneticvariationinfeedefficiencymayhaveasignificantimpactonsheepproductioninintegratedcroplivestockfarming systems in dry areas, where the shortage and poor quality of feed is widespread. Thus, the present studywas carried out to investigate the effects of sheep genotype and feed source on liveweight gain, feed conversionefficiency and dry matter (DM) intake in feedlot lambs finished on diets based on low-cost forages or a high-costconcentrated feed as a means of assessing the efficiency of this feeding system. Early weaned lambs of thepurebred fat-tailed Akkaraman breed were compared with synthetic Anatolian Merino (0·80 German MuttonMerino×0·20 Native Akkaraman) breed. The lambs were kept in individual pens for 8 weeks and fed four diets:daily harvested forages of triticale (T), Hungarian vetch (HV), a triticale-Hungarian vetch mixture (T+HV), and aconcentrate-based feed(CF). Lamb liveweightgain (LWG) wasmonitoredduring the early (18 April–16May)andlate (17 May–13 June) spring periods. Diet×period and diet×breed interactions were detected in LWG of thelambs. Lambs from both genotypes on the concentrate-based diet had higher liveweight gains, DM intakes andbetter feed conversion ratios compared with lambs finished on the forage-based diets. The LWG of lambs offeredtriticale forage decreased from 177g/head/day in the early spring to 95g/head/day in the late spring period, asplantmaturityincreased.Liveweightgainsdidnotchangefortheotherforagerationsduringthesameperiod. TheLWG of Akkaraman lambs were similar for both the early (189g/head/day) and the late (183g/head/day) springperiods, whereasAnatolian Merino lambs gained 41g/head/dayless LWand had 3·8 higher feed conversion ratefor the late spring period compared with the early spring period. The present study showed that fat-tailedAkkaraman lambs were better able to utilize forages with low nutritive value compared to Anatolian Merinolambs, and may be better suited to semi-arid areas, where crop and livestock are highly integrated in the farmingsystem.INTRODUCTIONAnimal products are in great demand in the West AsiaNorth Africa (WANA) region due to increases in percapita real income, urbanization and populationgrowth (Delgado et al. 1999; Aw-Hassan et al.2010). However, undue pressure on natural resourcesand deteriorating feed availability for livestock arechallenging the growing opportunities for livestockproduction (Ates & Louhaichi 2012). Pessimisticpredictions on the impact of population growth,climate change and unsustainable resource manage-ment indicate that the constraints on land and foodsupply will become increasingly evident in mixedcrop–livestock and grazing systems in the region(World Bank 2008). There is a general consensus thatcompetition for grains between humans and live-stock, diminishing feed supplies from overexploited

The effects of utilization of hazelnut oil, sunflower oil and their products on performance and fatty acid composition of yolk in layer hens

This research has been performed to determine the effects of hazelnut crude oil, sunflower crude oil and its refinery by-products over the laying hens performance and the fatty acid composition of the egg’s yolk. Four hundreds 36-week-old Nick Brown layer hens were allocated into five groups. Treatment groups were supplemented with 1.5% of sunflower crude oil, hazelnut crude oil, acidulated sunflower soapstock, acidulated hazelnut soapstock and acidulated hazelnut crude oil. The daily feed consumption for groups that were fed with crude oils were numerically improved as compared for those nourished with acidulated soapstocks. Although the percentages of cracked and broken eggs in acidulated hazelnut soapstock group was significantly higher than the other groups, daily feed consumption and egg production values were not different. The usage of acidulated hazelnut soapstock reduced the percentage of intact egg ratio. Egg’s specific gravity and yolk color index were the highest level throughout the experiment from start to end in hazelnut crude oil group (p < 0.05). In group that was nourished by hazelnut oil, Omega 3/Omega-6 fatty acid ratios in egg yolk were higher than the groups that were fed with sunflower oil. The oleic acid content of the egg yolk was increased in the groups which were supplemented with hazelnut crude oil and acidulated hazelnut crude oil. Consequently, hazelnut crude oil and acidulated hazelnut crude oil improved the egg shell quality, yolk color index and yolk oleic acid value which would increase egg’s shelf life. On the other hand acidulated hazelnut soapstock supplementation adversely affects the quality of egg shell.

Impacts of calcium addition and different oil types and levels on in vitro rumen fermentation and digestibility

Abstract This in vitro study was designed to investigate the effects of calcium addition to substrates differing in source and level of oil on fermentation, gas production, and digestibility parameters. Substrates were made from basal mixtures containing three levels of calcium salt (0, 1, and 2% CaCl2) to contain three levels (3, 6, and 9%) of two types (sunflower and soy) of oil. After collecting from two Holstein bulls and mixing with buffer, rumen fluid was used to incubate the resulting 18 mixtures in duplicate. Ionizable calcium, pH and NH3–N concentration were measured during incubation. Gas production was measured at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after incubation. Kinetics parameters of gas production and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were calculated from regression coefficients of an exponential equation and a linear equation, respectively. Data were analysed using 3-way ANOVA with repeated measure option in which the parameter time was a subplot. Oil type did not affect pH and ionizable calcium concentration. There were linear increases and decreases in pH and ionizable calcium concentration in response to increasing oil and calcium levels, respectively. However, with increasing oil levels there were no interactions between calcium addition and oil level on pH and ionizable calcium concentration. None of the treatments affected NH3–N concentration. The amount of gas produced from substrates containing sunflower oil was greater than soy oil (41.7 vs. 40.5 ml). Cumulative gas production and amount of gas production from insoluble but slowly fermentable portion of the supplemental mixtures linearly decreased and linearly increased as oil and calcium levels increased in the substrates, respectively. However, interactions of calcium addition and oil level on gas production and kinetics of gas production were lacking. Oil type did not affect IVDMD. Despite lacking main effects, interaction of calcium addition and oil level indicated that increasing calcium level alleviated depression in IVDMD resulting from increasing oil level. In conclusion, increasing oil level depressed, whereas calcium addition stimulated ruminal fermentation. Improvement in IVDMD may partially support that calcium addition alleviates the adverse effects of oil and that more calcium is needed when diets are supplemented with increasing amounts of oil.

Determination of protein degradability of alfalfa hay via buffer or protease

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the effect of different vegetative periods on protein fractions of alfalfa hay and to compare two different methods for estimation of its protein degradability. In this study, 44 alfalfa hay samples cut in late vegetative, late bud, early bloom and late bloom were used. Crude protein decreased with advancing maturity (p < .05), but neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen were similar. Protein degradability of the samples was estimated using Streptomyces griseus protease or borate–phosphate buffer, kinetic model, as described in Cornell Net Carbohydrate Protein System (CNCPS). Alfalfa hay samples were subjected to proteolysis for 30 h with 0.115 U/mL or 0.230 U/mL of the protease at pH 6.8. There was a moderate correlation (0.66, 0.72) between enzymatic and buffer method estimates with protein degradation. As vegetation progresses, rapidly degradable fraction (A) decreased (p < .05) and undegradable fraction (C) increased (p < .05), while potentially degradable fraction (B) was unchanged. Rumen degradable protein content decreased (p < .05) with advancing maturity. The enzyme/duration limits should be standardised and investigated whether the protease enzyme alone is sufficient for all forages.