Fawzia Djafari

Explaining the Relationship between Three Eye Diseases and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults

PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to examine whether patients with age-related eye diseases, like age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, or Fuchs corneal dystrophy, are more likely to show signs of depression compared to a control group of older adults with good vision, and to determine whether reduced mobility mediates these relationships. METHODS We recruited 315 eligible patients (81 with AMD, 55 with Fuchs, 91 with glaucoma, and 88 controls) from the ophthalmology clinics of a Montreal hospital from September 2009 until December 2011. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form (GDS-15). Life space was measured using the Life Space Assessment. Logistic regression was used to adjust for demographic, health, and social factors, and mediation was assessed using the methods of Baron and Kenny. RESULTS There were 78 people (25%) meeting the criteria for depression in the cohort. All three groups with eye disease were more likely to be depressed than the control group after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, education, cognitive score, limitations in activities of daily living, social support, and lens opacity (P < 0.05). Life space and limited activities due to a fear of falling appeared to mediate the relationship between eye disease and depression. CONCLUSIONS Visually limiting eye disease is associated with depression in older adults. Further research on interventions to prevent depression in patients with eye disease is warranted and should consider strategies to alleviate mobility limitation. Greater attention from families, physicians, and society to the mental health needs and mobility challenges of patients with eye disease is needed.

Activity Limitation due to a Fear of Falling in Older Adults with Eye Disease

PURPOSE To examine whether patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, or Fuchs corneal dystrophy report limiting their activity due to a fear of falling as compared with a control group of older adults with good vision. METHODS We recruited 345 patients (93 with AMD, 57 with Fuchs, 98 with glaucoma, and 97 controls) from the ophthalmology clinics of Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (Montreal, Canada) to participate in a cross-sectional study from September 2009 until July 2012. Control patients who had normal visual acuity and visual field were recruited from the same clinics. Participants were asked if they limited their activity due to a fear of falling. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and visual field were measured and the medical record was reviewed. RESULTS Between 40% and 50% of patients with eye disease reported activity limitation due to a fear of falling compared with only 16% of controls with normal vision. After adjustment for age, sex, race, number of comorbidities, cognition, and lens opacity, the Fuchs groups was most likely to report activity limitation due to a fear of falling (odds ratio [OR] = 3.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-7.06) followed by the glaucoma group (OR = 2.84; 95% CI, 1.36-5.96) and the AMD group (OR = 2.42; 95% CI, 1.09-5.35). Contrast sensitivity best explained these associations. CONCLUSIONS Activity limitation due to a fear of falling is very common in older adults with visually impairing eye disease. Although this compensatory strategy may protect against falls, it may also put people at risk for social isolation and disability.

Cataract-related vision loss and depression in a cohort of patients awaiting cataract surgery

OBJECTIVE As provinces consider what an acceptable cataract surgery wait time should be, research is needed on the risk of adverse events, such as depression, while waiting for care. We sought to determine whether worse visual acuity is related to depressive symptoms in patients waiting to have cataract surgery. DESIGN Cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Six hundred seventy-two patients awaiting cataract surgery were recruited from Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital in Montreal, Que. METHODS About 2 weeks before surgery and 4 months after surgery, patients completed the Visual Function-14 questionnaire, a measure of the self-report of difficulty performing visual tasks, and the 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Patients were also asked about systemic and ocular comorbidities. Visual acuity was measured with pinhole correction. Date of entry onto the hospital waiting list and date of cataract surgery were recorded. RESULTS Forty-one percent of patients had visual acuity of 6/18 or worse in the surgical eye, whereas 26% showed signs of depression before surgery (Geriatric Depression Scale-30 > or = 10). In a logistic regression model, those with visual acuity < or = 6/18 in their surgical eye had a 59% higher adjusted odds of depression (odds ratio 1.59, 95% CI 1.09-2.33). There was statistically significant evidence that the relationship between visual acuity and depression was mediated by greater reported difficulty on the Visual Function-14 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients with worse visual acuity were more likely to be depressed while waiting for cataract surgery. Shortening the wait time for cataract surgery, especially for those with worse vision, could potentially reduce the risk or shorten the duration of depression.

Impact of a Brief Educational Intervention on Glaucoma Persistence: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Abstract Purpose: To determine whether two sessions of a glaucoma educational intervention resulted in better persistence to glaucoma eye drop therapy compared to normal care. Methods: A total of 165 patients newly diagnosed with glaucoma who required eye drop therapy were recruited into a randomized clinical trial from the glaucoma clinic at Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital in Montreal, Canada. Patients were randomized to either an immediate intervention or normal care. The intervention consisted of two 60–90 minute sessions of education on glaucoma and its management, given in a small group format by a non-practicing ophthalmologist. Persistence to glaucoma medication was examined for 1 year by the use of Hospital medical records and by pharmacy claims records from the Régie de l’assurance maladie du Québec (Quebec Health Insurance Program). A questionnaire was administered, and medication possession ratio calculated. The primary outcome was persistence, defined as having medication available at least 75% of the time. Secondary outcomes included eye drop instillation technique and perception of the importance of eye drop therapy. Results: The intervention group achieved better persistence to eye drop therapy, as 77% of controls and 89% of people receiving the intervention were persistent (p = 0.049). The intervention also resulted in better eye drop instillation technique (p < 0.001) and greater perception of the importance of eye drop therapy (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Brief instructional sessions offered to newly diagnosed glaucoma patients can result in better persistence rates over 1-year follow-up. Strategies to permanently offer these types of initiatives should be considered.