Felipe de Campos Carmona

Resposta do arroz irrigado ao suprimento de amônio e nitrato

In rice cultivated under flooded conditions, the anaerobic condition favors the formation of NH4+ in the soil, and is therefore considered the main available N source for this crop. However, the process of O2 transport through the aerenchyma and its release by roots, create a favorable environment for nitrification in the plant rizosphere. Nitrification intensity determines the proportions between available NH4+ and NO3- . In this case, it is believed that the presence of NO3- can favor rice growth and simultaneously avoid NH4+ toxicity. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different proportions between NH4+ and NO3- in nutrient solution on rice growth. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse, from September to November 2007, in a nutrient solution with the following NH4+ and NO3- proportions: 100:0, 75:25 and 25:75, in a 10.0 mmol L-1 N concentration. The plots were fulfilled with a inert substrate to create conditions to root growth. The genotypes IRGA 417 and Sasanishiki were compared and the biomass production, root length, root distribution and the N, Ca, Mg and K uptake were evaluated. The presence of NH4+ in the 100:0, 75:25 proportions resulted in plant toxicity, however, as the NO3- proportion increased, toxicity was reduced. The combined supply of NH4+ and NO3- increased biomass production compared to solely NH4+ supply. The rice root system of the two cultivars developed mainly in the 0-10 cm layer and the - greatest root length was observed in the treatment NH4+ 75:25 NO3- for IRGA 417. The presence of NH4+ in soil solution affected negatively calcium absorption, whereas no affect was observed on N, Mg or K absorption. The total absorbed N, K, and Ca indicated a higher absorption efficiency with the combined supply for IRGA 417, but for cultivar Sasanishiki no differences were verified. It was concluded that NH4+ is toxic to rice plants, and is not the main available source of nitrogen. Nitrate is indispensable to increase the N uptake, normal plant growth and total cation absorption.

Flooded rice yield as affected by levels of water salinity in different stages of its cycle

Losses of productivity of flooded rice in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, may occur in the Coastal Plains and in the Southern region due to the use of saline water from coastal rivers, ponds and the Laguna dos Patos lagoon, and the sensibility of the plants are variable according to its stage of development. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the production of rice grains and its components, spikelet sterility and the phenological development of rice at different levels of salinity in different periods of its cycle. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in pots filled with 11 dm3 of an Albaqualf. The levels of salinity were 0.3 (control), 0.75, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 dS m-1 kept in the water layer by adding a salt solution of sodium chloride, except for the control, in different periods of rice development: tillering initiation to panicle initiation; tillering initiation to full flowering; tillering initiation to physiological maturity; panicle initiation to full flowering; panicle initiation to physiological maturity and full flowering to physiological maturity. The number of panicles per pot, the number of spikelets per panicle, the 1,000-kernel weight, the spikelet sterility, the grain yield and phenology were evaluated. All characteristics were negatively affected, in a quadratic manner, with increased salinity in all periods of rice development. Among the yield components evaluated, the one most closely related to grain yields of rice was the spikelet sterility.

ABSORÇÃO DE NUTRIENTES E CRESCIMENTO DO ARROZ COM SUPRIMENTO COMBINADO DE AMÔNIO E NITRATO

Rice is classified as an ammonium (NH4+)- tolerant plant due the predominance of this ion in flooded soils. However, in the oxygenated zones of flooded soil and in the rice rhizosphere, nitrate (NO3-) can be formed and become an important nitrogen (N) source for the crop. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different ammonium:nitrate proportions on rice development in nutrient solution. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, from January until February 2008 in a nutrient solution with the following NH4+: NO3- proportions: 100:0, 75:25; 50:50; 25:75 and 0:100, at 5.0 mmol L-1 N. The genotype IRGA 417 was used and the biomass production, the nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and potassium contents in tissue and xylem sap were evaluated. The presence of ammonium at the proportions 100:0 and 75:25 resulted in plant toxicity, as well as for nitrate at the proportions 25:75 and 0:100. The combined supply of ammonium and nitrate increased biomass production in relation to solely NH4+ or NO3- supply. Ammonium in solution affected negatively Ca and Mg, whereas no effect was observed on N or K tissue contents. However, in the xylem sap, both K, Ca and Mg contents were affected by ammonium. The higher total absorbed quantities of N, K, Ca, and Mg and better rice development indicated that the combined supply results in higher nutrient absorption efficiency than solely ammonium or nitrate supply.

Attributes of irrigated rice as affected by soil sodicity and potassic fertilizer application

Soils of the coastal plains of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, are affected by salinization, which can hamper the establishment and development of crops in general, including rice. The application of high doses of KCl may aggravate the crop damage, due to the high saline content of this fertilizer. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of K fertilizer management on some properties of rice plant, grown in soils with different sodicity levels, and determine which attribute is best related to yield. The field study was conducted in four Albaqualfs with exchangeable Na percentages of 5.6, 9.0, 21 and 32 %. The management of KCl fertilizer consisted of the application of 90 kg ha-1 K2O broadcast, 90 kg ha-1 K2O in the row and 45 kg ha-1 K2O in the row + 45 kg ha-1 K2O at panicle initiation (PI). Plant density, dry matter evolution, height, SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development value indicating relative chlorophyll contents) index, tiller mass, 1,000-grain weight, panicle length and grain yield were evaluated. The plant density was damaged by application of K fertilizer in the row, especially at full dose (90 kg ha-1), at three sodicity levels, resulting in loss in biomass accumulation in later stages, affecting the crop yield, even at the lowest level of soil sodicity (5.6 %). All properties were correlated with yield; the highest positive correlation was found with plant density and shoot dry matter at full flowering, and a negative correlation with panicle length.

Adubação potássica em arroz irrigado conforme a capacidade de troca catiônica do solo

The objective of this work was to evaluate the response of flooded rice to the application of potassium doses, according to the soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). Sixteen soils with different CEC at pH 7.0 (CECpH7), divided in two classes, were used: soils with CECpH7 up to 15 cmolc dm-3 and CECpH7 higher than this value. The experiment was carried out in the crop seasons of 2005/2006 and 2006/2007, in eight places per crop year, using different rice cultivars, according to the place or year. The average increment in rice production due to the applied doses of K was calculated, according to the K/CECpH7 ratio. The potassium maximum economic efficiency dose (MEED) was calculated according to the prices of the fertilizer and rice, practiced from 2003 to 2012. Rice responded economically to potassium fertilization, in both soil CECpH7 classes used, with higher increase in productivity in soils with lower K/CTCpH7 ratio. In the ten-year average, the DMEE was always greater than U

Dynamics of ammonium and pH in the solution of soils with different salinity levels, growing irrigated rice

100.00 and higher in soils with CECpH7>15.0 cmolc dm-3.

Iron oxidation on the surface of adventitious roots and its relation to aerenchyma formation in rice genotypes

O arroz no Rio Grande do Sul e cultivado sob alagamento, o que causa uma serie de alteracoes quimicas, fisicas e biologicas no ambiente radicular, ocasionando efeitos sobre a disponibilidade de amonio trocavel (NH4+) e a acidez da solucao do solo. Essa dinâmica pode ser influenciada tambem pela salinidade do solo, um problema comum na regiao costeira do Estado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as alteracoes do NH4+ trocavel e do pH e a relacao entre ambos na solucao de um Planossolo Haplico com diferentes niveis de salinidade, cultivado com arroz irrigado. O trabalho foi realizado a campo, em solos com percentagem de sodio trocavel (PST) de 5,6, 9,0, 21,2 e 32,7 %. Previamente ao alagamento das areas experimentais, instalaram-se coletores de solucao do solo nas profundidades de 5, 10 e 20 cm. Realizaram-se coletas semanais de solucao entre 7 e 91 dias apos o alagamento (DAA), sendo analisados os teores de NH4+ trocavel e o pH. Foi feita a coleta de plantas aos 77 DAA, para determinacao da absorcao de N e estimativa da contribuicao de outras fontes desse nutriente na nutricao do arroz. Os teores de NH4+ trocavel diminuiram ao longo do tempo em todos os locais e profundidades, sendo essa diminuicao mais acentuada nos menores niveis de salinidade, com valores proximos a zero. Houve possivel contribuicao de formas nao trocaveis de NH4+ e provenientes da materia orgânica do solo na nutricao das plantas. Ja o pH diminuiu com o tempo nos solos com PST de 5,6 e 9,0 %, correlacionando-se positivamente com a diminuicao dos teores de NH4+ nesses locais.

Estimativa da composição iônica da solução do solo a partir da lâmina de água em solo afetado por sais sob cultivo de arroz irrigado

Establishment of the water layer in an irrigated rice crop leads to consumption of free oxygen in the soil which enters in a chemical reduction process mediated by anaerobic microorganisms, changing the crop environment. To maintain optimal growth in an environment without O2, rice plants develop pore spaces (aerenchyma) that allow O2 transport from air to the roots. Carrying capacity is determined by the rice genome and it may vary among cultivars. Plants that have higher capacity for formation of aerenchyma should theoretically carry more O2 to the roots. However, part of the O2 that reaches the roots is lost due to permeability of the roots and the O2 gradient created between the soil and roots. The O2 that is lost to the outside medium can react with chemically reduced elements present in the soil; one of them is iron, which reacts with oxygen and forms an iron plaque on the outer root surface. Therefore, evaluation of the iron plaque and of the formation of pore spaces on the root can serve as a parameter to differentiate rice cultivars in regard to the volume of O2 transported via aerenchyma. An experiment was thus carried out in a greenhouse with the aim of comparing aerenchyma and iron plaque formation in 13 rice cultivars grown in flooded soils to their formation under growing conditions similar to a normal field, without free oxygen. The results indicated significant differences in the volume of pore spaces in the roots among cultivars and along the root segment in each cultivar, indicating that under flooded conditions the genetic potential of the plant is crucial in induction of cell death and formation of aerenchyma in response to lack of O2. In addition, the amount of Fe accumulated on the root surface was different among genotypes and along the roots. Thus, we concluded that the rice genotypes exhibit different responses for aerenchyma formation, oxygen release by the roots and iron plaque formation, and that there is a direct relationship between porosity and the amount of iron oxidized on the root surface.

Cation dynamics in soils with different salinity levels growing irrigated rice

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between electrical conductivity and Na+, and K+ in the water table and in the solution of soils with different levels of salinity under flooded rice. For rice cultivation, soils with exchangeable sodium percentages of 5.6% 9.0% 21.2% and 32.7% were selected. Prior to flooding, soil solution collectors were installed at depths of 5, 10, 20 and 40cm. After flooding, soil solution and water layer samples were collected weekly until 91 days after onset of irrigation, for the analysis of electrical conductivity and Na+. The content of these attributes in the water table were related to the values at each depth, and there was a significant positive association for all attributes at all depths. The highest average correlation was obtained for the electrical conductivity, so its estimation in the soil solution can be obtained easily through the water table, using a portable conductivity meter.