Fernando Cardeño

Síntesis de Aditivos para Biodiesel a partir de Modificaciones Químicas de la Glicerina

Resumen Se muestran los resultados experimentales de la sintesis de cetales de glicerina para su uso como aditivos que mejoren las propiedades de flujo a baja temperatura de un biodiesel de aceite de palma. Se evaluo su produccion empleando catalizadores heterogeneos acidos del tipo resinas de poliestireno sulfonadas (Amberlyst 15, Dowex 50X2) y homogeneos (acido sulfurico y p-toluensulfonico). Se analizo el efecto del cetal en las propiedades de flujo a baja temperatura al mezclarse en diferentes proporciones con el biodiesel, evaluando el punto de nube y el punto de fluidez a cada mezcla. Mediante calorimetria diferencial de barrido se evaluo los puntos de cristalizacion de las mezclas del aditivo con el biodiesel y se comparo con el correspondiente para el biodiesel puro. Se encontro que con el empleo de catalizadores heterogeneos se pueden obtener conversiones por encima del 90% y la adicion de los cetales al biodiesel puede lograr disminuciones de hasta 6oC en el punto de nube y fluidez. Tambien, los termogramas de enfriamiento mostraron una disminucion efectiva en las temperaturas de cristalizacion.

Hidrogenación de Aceite Crudo de Jatropha para Aplicaciones Industriales

espanolSe estudio la hidrogenacion de aceite crudo de Jatropha usando dos catalizadores comerciales 3 niquel/silice y niquel/alumina. Se realizo un diseno experimental 2 , comprendiendo las variables temperatura, presion y contenido de catalizador. El aceite y sus productos de reaccion fueron caracterizados mediante la medicion de composicion y los indices de acidez, saponificacion y yodo. Los catalizadores se caracterizaron por area BET, FT-IR, TPR y TGA. Dentro de los resultados mas relevantes del presente trabajo estan: a) el catalizador niquel/silice mostro mayor actividad, debido posiblemente a su mayor area superficial, lo cual pudo favorecer la dispersion del niquel; b) se encontro una alta estabilidad a la oxidacion del catalizador niquel/silice, lo que le confiere un alto grado de reutilizacion; c) se obtuvo un producto con una hidrogenacion mayor al 98% con potenciales aplicaciones en lubricantes textiles, aditivos suavizantes, entre otros. EnglishHydrogenation of crude Jatropha oil using two commercial catalysts nickel/silica and nickel/alumina was studied. An experimental design 23 was carried out, including the variables temperature, pressure and content of catalyst. Oil and their reaction products were characterized by measuring composition and acid value, saponification and iodine. The catalysts were characterized by BET area, FT-IR, TPR and TGA. Among the most relevant results are: a) The catalyst nickel/silica showed higher activity, possibly due to its larger surface area, which could favor the dispersion of nickel; b) high stability to oxidation by catalyst nickel/silica was found, which gives a high degree of reuse; c) a product with hydrogenation greater than 98% with the potential to apply in textile lubricants, softening additives, among others.

Refinación de la Fase Glicerina del Biodiesel de Aceite de Palma empleando Ácidos Minerales

A method is proposed for the purification of glycerin from palm oil biodiesel production to achieve the required standards, for use in applications non-requiring USP grade (United States Pharmacopoeia), particularly those defined by Colombian standards. A factorial design 2 3 was used with the three variables: type of acid (phosphoric or sulfuric acid), quantity of methanol and pH. It was found that the treatment with sulfuric acid, 50% methanol and pH of 6 gave the best results, and requires an activated carbon bleaching to meet the required color. Refined and bleached glycerin obtained meets the requirements of glycerin type 2 grades 1 and 2 according to the Colombian standard NTC1274.

Síntesis de Resinas Alquídicas a partir de Aceites de Higuerilla, de Palma y de Fritura, Mezclados con Aceite de Soja

Results on the synthesis of alkyd resins from mixtures of castor oil, palm oil and frying oils with refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) soybean oil are presented. Iodine value, acidity number, saponification number, moisture content, hydroxyl number, gas chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize raw materials and products. It was found that mixtures containing 30, 50 and 70% by mass of these oils, balancing with RBD soybean oil, allow obtaining alkyd resins that comply with the quality criteria required for the development of finished products such as sealants and wood coatings. These results represent a technologically and economically feasible alternative for cost reduction by incorporating these crude oils in industries that produce polymeric resins or unsaturated polyester alkyd resins