Fernando González-Andrés

Potential of Cytisus and allied genera (Genisteae: Fabaceae) as forage shrubs

Abstract The chemical composition of the herbage produced by shrubs belonging to the genus Cytisus and allied genera (Cytisophyllum, Chamaecytisus, and Genista sect. Teline) was determined to appraise its potential value for forage. In their third year, eight accessions were assessed in a semi‐arid environment (400 mm annual rainfall) for seasonal variation of leaf/stem ratio, and contents of ashes, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and crude protein (CP). Fibre and crude protein concentration were similar to those of best‐quality shrubby legumes like Medicago sp. pi. Colutea sp. pi., or Chamaecytisus palmensis (ADF, 18–35%; CP, 14–24%). Genista monspessulana had low fibre and high protein contents, which were the most constant during the year. From the results obtained in this and the previous agronomic study, Part 1 of this series (Gonzalez‐Andres & Ortiz 1996), Genista monspessulana, Chamaecytisus podolicus, and C. supinus are recommended as potenti...

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME IBERIAN MEDITERRANEAN LEGUMINOUS SHRUBS POTENTIALLY USEFUL FOR FORAGE IN SEASONALLY DRY AREAS

Abstract The chemical composition of herbage produced by legume shrubs was determined to appraise their potential value for forage. Six species were assessed for seasonal variation in the proportion of leaves, and ash content, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and crude protein (CP) concentrations. Hippocrepis balearica, Medicago citrina, Medicago strasseri, and Medicago arborea showed an average ADF content 18%. The chemical composition of Medicago strasseri was very close to that of Medicago arborea throughout the year. In winter and summer, Medicago citrina showed lower ADF and ADL content than Medicago arborea. Therefore, Medicago citrina could be useful as a summer or a winter forage. Hippocrepis balearica showed higher crude protein content in summer and lower ADF content in winter than Medicago arborea, but significantly higher ADL contents (9.7% to 12.5% versus 7.1% to 9.4%). Therefore, Hippocrepis bal...

New biofuel alternatives: integrating waste management and single cell oil production.

Concerns about greenhouse gas emissions have increased research efforts into alternatives in bio-based processes. With regard to transport fuel, bioethanol and biodiesel are still the main biofuels used. It is expected that future production of these biofuels will be based on processes using either non-food competing biomasses, or characterised by low CO2 emissions. Many microorganisms, such as microalgae, yeast, bacteria and fungi, have the ability to accumulate oils under special culture conditions. Microbial oils might become one of the potential feed-stocks for biodiesel production in the near future. The use of these oils is currently under extensive research in order to reduce production costs associated with the fermentation process, which is a crucial factor to increase economic feasibility. An important way to reduce processing costs is the use of wastes as carbon sources. The aim of the present review is to describe the main aspects related to the use of different oleaginous microorganisms for lipid production and their performance when using bio-wastes. The possibilities for combining hydrogen (H2) and lipid production are also explored in an attempt for improving the economic feasibility of the process.

Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum enhances the organic and fatty acids content of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) seeds

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is one of the most important food crops for human and animal consumption, providing oil and protein at relatively low cost. The least expensive source of nitrogen for soybean is the biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by the symbiotic association with soil bacteria, belonging mainly to the genus Bradyrhizobium. This study was conducted to assess the effect of the inoculation of G. max with Bradyrhizobium japonicum on the metabolite profile and antioxidant potential of its seeds. Phenolic compounds, sterols, triterpenes, organic acids, fatty acids and volatiles profiles were characterised by different chromatographic techniques. The antioxidant activity was evaluated against DPPH, superoxide and nitric oxide radicals. Inoculation with B. japonicum induced changes in the profiles of primary and secondary metabolites of G. max seeds, without affecting their antioxidant capacity. The increase of organic and fatty acids and volatiles suggest a positive effect of the inoculation process. These findings indicate that the inoculation with nodulating B. japonicum is a beneficial agricultural practice, increasing the content of bioactive metabolites in G. max seeds owing to the establishment of symbiosis between plant and microorganism, with direct effects on seed quality.

Diversity in White Lupin ( Lupinus albus L.) Landraces from Northwest Iberianplateau

All the accessions (35) of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) landraces collected from northwest Iberian plateau and maintained at the Spanish germplasm collection (CRF of INIA), were studied with the general objective of assessing the biodiversity of these landraces and to ascertain their value as genetic resources for the development of germplasm adapted to the areas where they were collected with long and chilly winters. The characterization study comprised 51 qualitative and 50 quantitative characters. Quantitative parameters were analyzed by Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The 2-dimensional plot (49.3% of cumulative variability) formed a main group of accessions and 4 outliers (#1, #9, #27 and #28) separated in the first PC. The characters with a higher contribution to the first PC were inflorescence length, leaf petiole length and leaf central foliole area. The presence of alkaloids, the percentage of plants killed by soil borne fungal diseases, the phenology, the yield per plant and yield components were also assessed. Twenty six accessions (the main group in the PCA plot) showed high homogeneity, with the following highlights: bitterness, indeterminate growth habit, early ripeness and spring sowing with the exception of #18, in which seeding date is unknown and it had a later phenology. By contrast accessions #9 and #27 were bitter of autumn sowing with determinate growing habit and they had the longest values of primary inflorescence length and a later phenology when they were sown in spring. Average values for yield and yield components showed a broad range of variation between accessions. The main yield component was the number of pods per plant. Accession #22 had the highest mean seed mass, although this had not significant influence in yield. Accession #17 showed the highest yield and #1 the lowest. This last also had the lowest values of inflorescence length, leaf petiole length and leaf central foliole area. No significant differences of resistance to soil-borne fungi were found between accessions. The year had a significant effect in the phenology, yield and yield components except for number of seeds per pod. The studied material might be of interest for the development of spring sowing germplasm adapted to north Iberian peninsula.

Pseudomonas helmanticensis sp. nov., isolated from forest soil.

A bacterial strain, OHA11(T), was isolated during the course of a study of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria occurring in a forest soil from Salamanca, Spain. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain OHA11(T) shared 99.1% similarity with respect to Pseudomonas baetica a390(T), and 98.9% similarity with the type strains of Pseudomonas jessenii, Pseudomonas moorei, Pseudomonas umsongensis, Pseudomonas mohnii and Pseudomonas koreensis. The analysis of housekeeping genes rpoB, rpoD and gyrB confirmed its phylogenetic affiliation to the genus Pseudomonas and showed similarities lower than 95% in almost all cases with respect to the above species. Cells possessed two polar flagella. The respiratory quinone was Q9. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/iso-C15 : 0 2-OH). The strain was oxidase-, catalase- and urease-positive, positive for arginine dihydrolase but negative for nitrate reduction, β-galactosidase production and aesculin hydrolysis. It was able to grow at 31 °C and at pH 11. The DNA G+C content was 58.1 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization results showed values lower than 49% relatedness with respect to the type strains of the seven closest related species. Therefore, the combined genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data support the classification of strain OHA11(T) to a novel species of the genus Pseudomonas, for which the name Pseudomonas helmanticensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is OHA11(T) ( = LMG 28168(T) = CECT 8548(T)).

Characterisation of woody Medicago (sect. Dendrotelis) species, on the basis of seed and seedling morphometry

The three species belonging to the sect. Dendrotelis of the genus Medicago: M. arborea L., M. citrina (Font Quer) Greuter, and M. strasseri Greuter, Matthäs & Risse, were characterized using 12 morphometrical characters of seeds and 20 of seedlings. These species have interest for the regeneration of degraded lands in semi-arid climates. M. arborea presents the largest phenotypic variability and is dispersed throughout the Mediterranean basin, while the other two species are endemic to a very reduced area, M. citrina, in Columbretes Islands and Cabrera Islands (Spain) and M. strasseri in Crete. Several populations of M. arborea were measured, in order to compare the intraspecific variability within M. arborea with the differences among all three species. The multivariate analysis of the data used characters that were independent of the size of the studied organs. The three species were clearly differentiated on the basis of seed characters. On the other hand, seedling characters distinguished M. citrina from the other two species, but M. strasseri and the populations of M. arborea were intermingled. In spite of this, we have described relevant morphological differences among M. arborea, M. strasseri and M. citrina, which are consistent with other ecological or bromatological differences. The study supports that the three accessions merit to be considered as three different species.

Potential of Cytisus and allied genera (Genisteae: Fabaceae) as forage shrubs: 2. Chemical composition of the forage and conclusions

The chemical composition of the herbage produced by shrubs belonging to the genus Cytisus and allied genera (Cytisophyllum, Chamaecytisus, and Genista sect. Teline) was determined to appraise its potential value for forage. In their third year, eight accessions were assessed in a semi‐arid environment (400 mm annual rainfall) for seasonal variation of leaf/stem ratio, and contents of ashes, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and crude protein (CP). Fibre and crude protein concentration were similar to those of best‐quality shrubby legumes like Medicago sp. pi. Colutea sp. pi., or Chamaecytisus palmensis (ADF, 18–35%; CP, 14–24%). Genista monspessulana had low fibre and high protein contents, which were the most constant during the year. From the results obtained in this and the previous agronomic study, Part 1 of this series (Gonzalez‐Andres & Ortiz 1996), Genista monspessulana, Chamaecytisus podolicus, and C. supinus are recommended as potenti...

Biodiversity of rhizobia nodulating Genista monspessulana and Genista linifolia in Spain

Abstract Nineteen strains isolated from nodules of the legume Genista monspessulana (Group M) and 19 strains isolated from nodules of G. linifolia (Group L) were studied on the basis of their random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns, to ascertain whether the rhizobia isolated from them are species‐specific. Another objective was to determine whether the random primers used could distinguish our strains from other rhizobial species or biovars. The variance among the patterns obtained for the strains of Group M versus the strains of Group L was estimated using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Variance within every group was much higher than variance among groups. Consequently, the dendrogram obtained after cluster analysis of the presence‐absence data matrix for the RAPD profiles, did not show independent branches for the strains of Group M and Group L. A complementary physiological study showed that there were no significant differences between the efficiency of strains from Groups M and L. ...

Management of Galega officinalis L. and preliminary results on its potential for milk production improvement in sheep

Abstract Galega officinalis L. is a leguminous perennial herb that presents a demonstrated lac‐togenic effect. However, it is toxic to the ewe if it is eaten in substantial amounts, due to the presence of some alkaloids. The objective of this work was i) to optimise its management on Mediterranean‐type climate regions, and ii) to determine if controlled amounts of G. officinalis could increase milk yield in “Churra” ewes, without toxicity problems. The high level of specificity of the infective rhizobia makes it necessary to inoculate plants with selected strains, prior to the cultivation of G. officinalis. The optimum stand was 160 000 plants ha−1 obtained after broadcast autumn sowing, which in Mediterranean‐type climatic conditions increased yield in the first cutting year. Optimum cutting height was between 6 and 10 cm above ground level. The maximum yield was 13 t dry matter ha−1 in the first year, and 10 in the second year which allowed five cuttings per year before flowering. This avoids an increase in alkaloids at flowering. To increase the yield during the second year, delaying of the last cutting to avoid autumn regrowth is proposed. This cut would be left as green manure. Preliminary results on increasing milk yield indicated that a controlled daily dose of 2 g dry matter kg−1 (body weight) from the first month after lambing until the third milk recording 60 days later, led to a 16.90% increase in total milk yield and a 10.86% increase when the milk yield is readjusted to a lactation length of 120 days.