Fernando M. S. P. Neves

First Flight From Europe to the South Atlantic - Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral

The History of the transatlantic flights goes back to 1919 and began with a flight performed from Newfoundland to Lisbon; two weeks later another flight was performed between Newfoundland and Ireland. On 1922, the Portuguese airmen Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral crossed the South Atlantic Ocean by air in a flight performed exclusively with internal means of navigation: a new instrument that consisted in a type of sextant improved with two spirit levels to provide an artificial horizon and also with the help of a “path corrector”. Despite this journey had lasted 79 days to cross South Atlantic Ocean, their flight time was only 62:26 minutes, and they’ve flown 8,383 nautical miles, using 3 different hydroplanes christened: Lusitânia, Pátria and Santa Cruz. Despite this journey had lasted 79 days, their flight time was only 62 h 26 m; they’ve flown 8,383 nautical miles using 3 different hydroplanes christened: Lusitânia, Pátria and Santa Cruz. The new artificial horizon sextant had proven itself while flying over the ocean, without external references.

Comparative Study of Wing’s Motion Patterns on Various Types of Insects on Resemblant Flight Stages

The behavioral flight capacitance, maneuverability and ability of insect’s flight in recent years has become an active research that provided biological adaptative inspirations for the design and control of man-made MAVs and NAVs, essentially by identifying, exploiting and understand the basic principles of performance in-flight displayed by the insects. All qualities displayed in an insect flight, are determined by the functional capabilities of its flight muscles to produce force and work at a certain response speed as well as their efficiency in transforming chemical to mechanical energy; such energy is subsequently transmitted to their corrugated wings, were the performances of all flight muscles act and create part of wing’s kinematics and deformation, being this the fundamental reason for the displayed maneuvers of all species of flying insects. This paper presents some summary considerations about all flying insects and is focused on the comparative skills displayed by those animals on resemblant flight stages.

The First Aerial Raid From Portugal to Macau

In 1920, Brito Pais and Sarmento de Beires tried an unsuccessful flight attempt from Amadora, Lisbon to Madeira Island aboard the airplane Breguet XIV A2, named “Cavaleiro Negro”. Despite the scarce means of navigation they reach Madeira, which failed to land due to dense fog. On the way back after 8 hours of flight time, they alight at the Atlantic Ocean for lack of fuel and were rescued at about 500 km from Lisbon. In 1922, Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral conducted the First Aerial Cross of the South Atlantic, flying from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. The Portuguese Aeronautics rejoiced auspicious days that time, with its aviation pioneers trying consecutively to reach more distant places along intercontinental flights. In 1923 Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral were contemplating to perform an Around the World Flight. However, Sacadura died in 1924, while piloting an airplane acquired for the circumnavigation voyage. Also in 1924 the pilots Brito Pais and Sarmento de Beires idealized the conducting of a trip to Macau as an aspiration for a future Portuguese Around the World Flight attempt. On 7 April 1924, those pilots departed from Vila Nova de Milfontes in a Breguet XVI Bn2 airplane, beginning a trip to Macau. On 7 May an engine failure forced them to crash in India. On 30 May they managed to continue the Voyage in a De Havilland DH9 aircraft before being forced to end their attempt in 20 June in flying over Macau. A typhoon hindered their efforts to land and the airplane was crash landed in Chinese Territory about 800 meters from the Hong Kong Border. On 25 June 1924, they were shuttled back to Macau by boat. Brito Pais, Sarmento de Beires and Manuel Gouveia returned to Portugal, via North America, visiting several Portugueses nuclei at China, Japan, United States and England. They went to Portugal on 9 September, after having flown a total of 16760 kilometers in 117:41h facing often extremely adverse atmospheric conditions, sandstorms and inaccurate navigation maps.

Numerical and Experimental Study of Two Impinging Jets in a Row through a Crossflow

An experimental and numerical study is carried out to investigate the flowfield created by twin impinging jets aligned with a low velocity crossflow. The mean velocity, velocity fluctuation and visualization in the impingement region were obtained for a Reynolds number based on the jet exit conditions of Rej=4.3x10, an impingement height of 20.1 diameter and for a velocity ratios between the jet exit and the crossflow VR=Vj/Uo of 22.5, 33.7 and 43.8 with interject spacing, S of 6D. The experimental results show a large penetration of the first (upstream) impinging jet, giving rise to a ground vortex due to the collision of the radial wall jet and the crossflow that wraps around the impinging point like a scarf. The second jet (located downstream) it is not so affected by the crossflow in terms of deflection, but it does not reach the ground due to the downstream wall jet that flows radially from the impinging point of the first jet along the ground. The results indicate a new flow pattern not yet reported so far, in which a VSTOL aircraft operating in ground vicinity with front wind or small forward movement may result in enhanced negative pressures in the underside of the aircraft causing a pitching moment and a suction down force towards the ground. To extend the experimental results, the flow was also numerically simulated using a Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes formulation with the “k-e” turbulence model.

Twin Impinging Jets Through a Crossflow

Laser Doppler measurements provide information on the flowfield created by twin impinging jets aligned with a low velocity crossflow. The experiments were carried out for a Reynolds number based on the jet exit conditions of Rej=4.3x10, an impingement height of 20.1 jet diameters and for a velocity ratio between the jet exit and the crossflow VR=Vj/Uo of 22.5, and an interjet spacing of S=6D. The results show a large penetration of the first (upstream) jet that is deflected by the crossflow and impinges on the ground, giving rise to a ground vortex due to the collision of the radial wall and the crossflow that wraps around the impinging point like a scarf. The second jet (located downstream) it is not so affected by the crossflow in terms of deflection, but due to the downstream wall jet that flows radially from the impinging point of the first jet it does not reach the ground. The results indicate a new flow pattern not yet reported so far, that for a VSTOL aircraft operating in ground vicinity with front wind or small forward movement may result in enhanced under pressures in the aft part of the aircraft causing a suction down force and a change of the pitching moment towards the ground.

The History of Aerospace/ Aerospace/Aeronautics Engineering in Portugal

In the present study the origins of the aeronautics engineering education in Portugal are investigated, as well as the relations between the different initiatives that occurred in the beginning of the twentieth century. This paper aims at reporting the most relevant initiatives in Portugal and the actors involved. From 1963 to 1974 the Portuguese Air Force in together with a Portuguese University taught the first Aeronautics Engineering Military Degree at Portugal. In early 1990s two Portuguese Universities and the Portuguese Air Force started their Aerospace/Aeronautics Engineering Degrees teaching. In the 21 st Century the Aerospace/Aeronautics Engineering courses at Portugal are connected with the most advanced Engineering Schools in Europe providing skills and competences integrating several disciplines. I. Aeronautics Introduction HE aviation education and training is more or less of the same age as the first powered flight of the Wright brothers. In some countries the military training was separated from the classical university teaching and the civil counterpart took several years to start. Nevertheless, the civil education in a regular basis has also started in the early decades of the 20

Experimental Analysis of Forces During Take-Off of Birds

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Numerical Simulation of Twin Impinging jets in Tandem through a Crossflow

The flow field of ground vortex generated by twin impinging jets in tandem through a crossflow is numerically studied in detail. Numerical simulation and visualization are presented for two turbulent circular jets emerging into a low velocity cross stream, impinging after on a flat surface perpendicular to the geometrical jet nozzle axis. The numerical study is based in experimental studies done early, so all the features of the experimental flow were maintained when the numerical simulation was performed. The Reynolds number used was based on the jet exit conditions of 43,000 to 105,000, a jet to crossflow velocity ratio of 22.5 to 43.8, an impinging height of 20.1 jet diameters and an interject spacing’s of S=5D and L=6D. The analysis of the flow was extended to regions and flow conditions for which no measurements have been obtained in last experimental studies, i.e., for velocity ratios of 15 to 90. The numerical results show that for the smallest velocity ratios the jets initially do not mix, but remain together in two layers. Three different types of flow regimes were identify, therefore when VSTOL aircrafts operating in ground vicinity, only the regime with strong impingement on ground and with a formation of a ground vortex is relevant. The numerical results allowed to extend the last experimental studies, and prove that the deflection of the rear jet is due to the competing influences the wake, the shear layer, the downstream wall jet of the first jet and the crossflow.

Numerical Study of Mixing of Co-Axial Jets

This paper presents a numerical study of the effect of the turbulence intensity in the turbulent mixing of coaxial confined jets. The objective of this work is to study the effect of the initial levels of turbulence of each coaxial jet in the process of turbulent mixing for diameter ratios less than 2, which is the case of very low bypass turbofan engines. The computational method was tested using the available experimental data, and revealed good capabilities for the simulation of this kind of flows. The effect of the velocity ratio of the two streams is presented for velocity ratios of the two streams of 0.3, 1.5, and 6, and turbulence intensity ratios between 10 -5 and 10 5 . The results revealed that for relatively high turbulence intensities of the outer jet a vortex is always present for velocity ratios of 6 or larger, and this is independent of the turbulence intensity ratio. When the turbulence intensity of the inner jet is kept constant and the ratio of turbulence intensities is increased, the recirculation zone decreases in size, its center moves further upstream until it disappears completely. The existence of a favorable pressure gradient as a similar effect, revealing that this is an additional parameter to be taken into consideration together with the velocity ratio and turbulence intensity ratio as far as the recirculation zone is concerned.