Fívia de Araújo Lopes

Effect of Removal from the Family Group on Feeding Behavior by Captive Callithrix jacchus

Common marmosets are omnivorous primates with a highly diversified diet. There is no study describing if and how the diet is learned. Infants get their first bits of solid food from other monkeys in the group, which suggests that they may need an introduction to food items by older individuals before including them in their diet. We assessed the acceptance of novel and familiar food items by common marmosets, both isolated and in their family groups. We tested adult, subadults and juveniles from 5 captive families while isolated and in their family groups. The test consisted of presenting for 10 min novel and familiar food items to isolated individuals or to the whole family. We recorded the latency to start eating and the number of food items ingested. When isolated, adults ate more novel and familiar food items than juveniles did. They also started eating sooner than juveniles did. When tested alone, all juveniles, except one, never tasted novel food, and juveniles ingested fewer familiar food items than adults did. When tested in their family groups, juveniles ingested more familiar and novel food than when they were isolated. Our results suggest that: 1. juvenile common marmosets show more food neophobia than adults do, especially when alone; 2. the family group may facilitate the acceptance of novel food items by juveniles; 3. the family group, besides promoting the acceptance of novel food, may also increase its ingestion; and 4. dietary acquisition in Callithrix jacchus involves social facilitation.

Razao, emoção e ação em cena : A mente humana sob um olhar evolucionista

Biological and cultural aspects, psychological and neurological aspects, emotional and rational aspects were privileged separately in different times and perspectives - the vision of mind was sometimes focused and sometimes relegated to the black box of the psychological science. Presently, integration between mind and human behavior is sought. Mind is seen as an object of science and a product of the natural selection in the evolution of Homo sapiens. Our essay presents a brief history of the main transformations in the conception of mind and of evolutionary models of mind which contemplate reason, emotion and human actions. An effort is made to integrate and discuss the research evidence from various disciplines (anthropology, ethology, primatology, and psychology), offering an evolutionary comprehension of the human mind, of its phylogeny and ontogeny. Cooperative and competitive behavior are discussed within such framework.

Romantic Preferences in Brazilian Undergraduate Students: From the Short Term to the Long Term

A number of studies have described different preference patterns typically found for men and women when choosing romantic mates. These vary according to the involvement level expected in the relationship. Despite the number of investigations on the topic, one must be careful not to generalize because most studies use samples composed of North American university undergraduates. This study sought to determine if the preference patterns typically found in other countries also occur among Brazilian undergraduates. The importance of characteristics and modifications in preference patterns under gradually restrictive conditions was also investigated. In general, the results obtained suggest that the preferences found in a number of countries also occur in Brazil. In short-term relationships, men prioritize physical attributes, whereas personal traits gain importance when involvement increases. Women in short-term relationships value physical and personal traits, whereas in the long term, they emphasize personal characteristics and their mates desire to acquire resources. Resource-related traits were less important than the other traits, and were more important for women than for men.

The Mother’s Participation in Infant Carrying in Captive Groups of Leontopithecus chrysomelas and Callithrix jacchus

Callithrix and Leontopithecus exhibit ecological differences that have implications for the patterns of infant care. In C. jacchus, which uses a small home range because it depends mainly on plant exudates, infants can forage independently early in their life. L. chrysomelas, which feeds mainly on fruits and insects, needs larger home ranges and, therefore, its infants have a more extensive period of dependence. Three families of C. jacchus and four families of L. chrysomelas were studied in captivity. The animals were observed starting from the birth of the infants up to their 8th week of age. Our results suggest that the pattern of infant transfer in L. chrysomelas did not follow the one reported for L. rosalia in that transfers from the mother occurred much earlier. L. chrysomelas infants were carried for about 15% of total time during the 8th week of life against less than 1% in C. jacchus in the same week. Infant care seems to be more extensive in L. chrysomelas than in C. jacchus, and the period of exclusive mother carrying in L. chrysomelas is shorter than that observed in L. rosalia.

Preferred Interpersonal Distances: A Global Comparison

Human spatial behavior has been the focus of hundreds of previous research studies. However, the conclusions and generalizability of previous studies on interpersonal distance preferences were limited by some important methodological and sampling issues. The objective of the present study was to compare preferred interpersonal distances across the world and to overcome the problems observed in previous studies. We present an extensive analysis of interpersonal distances over a large data set (N = 8,943 participants from 42 countries). We attempted to relate the preferred social, personal, and intimate distances observed in each country to a set of individual characteristics of the participants, and some attributes of their cultures. Our study indicates that individual characteristics (age and gender) influence interpersonal space preferences and that some variation in results can be explained by temperature in a given region. We also present objective values of preferred interpersonal distances in different regions, which might be used as a reference data point in future studies.

Evidências de validade do Experience in Close Relationships (ECR) Inventory para o Brasil

Instruments that assess adult attachment are based on the notion that patterns of bonding established in early childhood transpose to romantic relationships in adult life. The aim of this research was to seek validity evidences of an instrument to assess adult attachment, translated and adapted to Brazil: Experience in Close Relationships Inventory (ECR). Two consecutive studies were performed. In the first the ECR was translated and responded by 230 college students. From the results, items were changed and the scale was responded by 618 people from five regions of Brazil. The results indicated a two-dimensional structure to ECR-Brazil, attachment-related anxiety and avoidance, as well as appropriate indices of reliability. Correlations in line with the theory have been found among the two-dimensional construct, levels of love and sociosexuality. The instrument also differentiated people in committed and non-committed relationship. We consider that ECR-Brazil showed satisfactory evidence of validity and reliability.

Daily activity patterns of Saanen goats in the semi-arid northeast of Brazil

The objective of the study was to characterize the daily feeding activity patterns of Saanen goats (Capra hircus) as a function of changes in climatic variables. The investigation was conducted in the municipality of Cruzeta, 300 km from the city of Natal, Brazil. Seventeen free-ranging female Saanen goats were selected for observation, wherein they were kept on a pasture with native vegetation and also received concentrated feed in a trough. Observational records of behavior on pasture were collected using focal animal and scan sampling for these specific behaviors: ruminating while standing or lying down, standing idly or lying down, walking, grazing and eating. Eating was the predominant activity observed. The frequency of some behaviors changed in accordance with certain climatic variables, with behaviors that require more active movement occurring in the morning hours, when temperatures are milder, exhibiting higher frequencies. These observations indicate that animals adjust their daily activities in order to minimize the effects of the stress caused primarily by environmental conditions.

A perspectiva evolucionista sobre relações românticas

Las relaciones amorosas tienen un fuerte impacto en nuestra vida cotidiana. Sin embargo, la integracion de los factores biologicos y sociales nos ayudan a entender, de modo consistente, por que algunas relaciones duran mas que otras. El objetivo de este presente estudio es revisar criticamente los conceptos de Amor, Teoria del Apego y Estrategias Sexuales desde una perspectiva evolutiva, a fin de contribuir con esta revision para la literatura en Brasil. Las lagunas observadas en la tematica, bien como los resultados de algunas investigaciones en nuestro pais, apuntan para el mantenimiento de la integracion teorica en esta area de investigacion, que puede ser aplicada junto a parejas, contribuyendo para la satisfaccion en las relaciones romanticas.Romantic relationships have a strong impact in our lives. However, an integrative approach of biological and social perspectives on this subject can lead to a better comprehension of the reasons for long or short relationships. This work aimed to contribute to Brazilian literature about this topic with a review on concepts about Love, Attachment Theory and Sexual Strategies based on an evolutionary perspective. The observed gaps on the topic and the results obtained by some research in our country are encouraging to maintain this theoretical integration at this research field that could be applied in couples counseling, contributing to satisfaction within romantic relationships.

Validate evidences of Experience in Close Relationships (ECR) Inventory to Brazil

Instruments that assess adult attachment are based on the notion that patterns of bonding established in early childhood transpose to romantic relationships in adult life. The aim of this research was to seek validity evidences of an instrument to assess adult attachment, translated and adapted to Brazil: Experience in Close Relationships Inventory (ECR). Two consecutive studies were performed. In the first the ECR was translated and responded by 230 college students. From the results, items were changed and the scale was responded by 618 people from five regions of Brazil. The results indicated a two-dimensional structure to ECR-Brazil, attachment-related anxiety and avoidance, as well as appropriate indices of reliability. Correlations in line with the theory have been found among the two-dimensional construct, levels of love and sociosexuality. The instrument also differentiated people in committed and non-committed relationship. We consider that ECR-Brazil showed satisfactory evidence of validity and reliability.

Comer ou não comer, eis a questão: diferenças de gênero na neofobia alimentar

A coated abrasive article having carbon black aggregates incorporated into the construction thereof, in a concentration sufficient to reduce or eliminate the buildup of static electricity during its use.