Fleur Huang

The EMBRACE II study: The outcome and prospect of two decades of evolution within the GEC-ESTRO GYN working group and the EMBRACE studies

Graphical abstract

Supporting Patients With Incurable Cancer: Backup Behavior in Multidisciplinary Cross-Functional Teams

Caring for patients with incurable cancer presents unique challenges. Managing symptoms that evolve with changing clinical status and, at the same time, ensuring alignment with patient goals demands specific attention from clinicians. With care needs that often transcend traditional service provision boundaries, patients who seek palliation commonly interface with a team of providers that represents multiple disciplines across multiple settings. In this case study, we explore some of the dynamics of a cross-disciplinary approach to symptom management in an integrated outpatient radiotherapy service model. Providers who care for patients with incurable cancer must rely on one another to secure delivery of the right services at the right time by the right person. In a model of shared responsibilities, flexibility in who does what and when can enhance overall team performance. Adapting requires within-team and between-team monitoring of task and function execution for any given patient. This can be facilitated by a common understanding of the purpose of the clinical team and an awareness of the particular circumstances surrounding care provision. Backup behavior, in which one team member steps in to help another meet an expectation that would otherwise not be fulfilled, is a supportive team practice that may follow naturally in high-functioning teams. Such team processes as these have a place in the care of patients with incurable cancer and help to ensure that individual provider efforts more effectively translate into improved palliation for patients with unmet needs.

Fatigue, insomnia and hot flashes after definitive radiochemotherapy and image-guided adaptive brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer: An analysis from the EMBRACE study

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pattern of manifestation of fatigue, insomnia and hot flashes within the prospective, observational, multi-center EMBRACE study. METHODS Morbidity was prospectively assessed according to CTCAE v.3 and patient-reported outcome with EORTC QLQ-C30/CX24 at baseline and regular follow-up. Analyses of crude incidence, prevalence rates and actuarial estimates were performed. RESULTS A total of 1176 patients were analyzed with a median follow-up of 27 months. At baseline, CTCAE G1/G2 prevalence rates for fatigue were 29%/6.2%, for insomnia 18%/3.1% and for hot flashes 7.9%/1.6% with respective 3-year prevalence rates of 29%/6.8%, 17%/4.4% and 19%/5.9%. Similar patterns of manifestation were seen in patient-reported EORTC outcomes. The 3-year actuarial estimates for G ≥ 3 CTCAE fatigue, insomnia and hot flashes were 5.5%, 4.7% and 1.9%. Younger age was associated with significantly higher risk for fatigue, insomnia and hot flashes. CONCLUSION Fatigue, insomnia and hot flashes occurred mainly in the mild to moderate range. Fatigue and insomnia were already present before treatment and showed minor fluctuations or recovery during follow-up, whereas hot flashes showed a considerable increase after treatment. More research is needed to evaluate contributing risk factors in order to define intervention strategies.

Beyond the pilot: Navigating through 8 years of palliative radiotherapy integrated symptom management (PRISM).

156 Background: Patients with incurable cancer often have problematic symptoms and functional impairment despite active cancer care. Opportunities to assess and address these unmet needs exist at every care point. METHODS In 2007, we piloted a holistic model of care in an outpatient Palliative Radiation Oncology clinic. Twin goals (timely access to radiotherapy (RT) and multidisciplinary (MDT) symptom assessment/management) were met: a one-stop-shop to see a radiation oncologist (RO), nurse (RN), radiation therapist (MRT(T)) and pharmacist, with Social Work, Nutrition and Rehabilitation as needed. The model has since evolved, adapting to shifting system-level barriers, with continued attention to patient-reported outcomes. We discuss our teams 8-year effort to integrate symptom management and palliative RT in a tertiary cancer center. RESULTS Despite challenges (patient-, provider-, facility-, service- or logistics-related), our target RT population grew from initially only those with bone metastases (served by 1 RO once weekly), to include brain or chest disease (seeing any local RO, any day). Priorities were complex, even at odds, to cater to broadly defined stakeholders: access to RT, systematic basic supportive care (BSC), operational efficiency, care transitions. From strong interdisciplinary focus and task-shifting emerged a critical patient navigation piece. Informal, then formal quality improvement work recast key functions by person/time/place, recently streamlining (e.g. intake/triage/referral pathways) and upgrading (e.g. shared RN/MRT(T) navigator role). Interfaces are layered, broad now between BSC (e.g. horizontal pre-/post-visit telephone symptom screening and goal-setting) and RT processes (e.g. more consistently vertical, less disruptive to technical workflows), enabling scale-up and alignment by design with quality dimensions. Operational and patient outcome metrics remain under periodic review. CONCLUSIONS Integrating MDT BSC with outpatient palliative RT is feasible and scalable, when incrementally tailored to context. Further work, to formally assess patient satisfaction and downstream care needs, will inform PRISM as our local standard.

Palliative whole brain radiotherapy: Predictors of prescribing 5 versus 10 fractions.

219 Background: The optimal dose for palliative whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) continues to be debated. Common regimens include 20 Gy in five and 30 Gy in 10 fractions. We aimed to identify factors associated with WBRT dose schedules, hypothesizing that clinical prediction of survival (CPS) would influence prescribing practice. METHODS Demographic and clinicopathologic data were collected for consecutive patients with brain metastases receiving WBRT through a dedicated palliative radiation oncology clinic. At initial consultation, CPS were prospectively collected from treating radiation oncologists. Karnofsky performance status (KPS) and Mini-Mental Status Examination were available for 88.6% and 75.1%, respectively. Dose fractionation was collected and summary statistics calculated. Parameters were assessed for association with five fraction schedules using binary logistic regression, with odds ratios and 95% CI reported. RESULTS 193 patients underwent WBRT (N = 102 from 2010-2012; N = 91 from 2013-2014); 38/193 had 48 extracranial sites irradiated concurrently. 46.1% were male, mean age was 64.7 years (SD 11.6), and 63.7% had lung cancer. Median KPS was 70 (range 20-100) and median MMSE score was 27/30 (range 13-30). Median CPS and actual survival were 150 days (range 21-730d) and 96 days (range 11-1029d), respectively. 18.7% received WBRT within 30 days of death. 78.2% (151/193) and 17.6% (34/193) received five and 10 fractions, respectively; 8/193 were prescribed other schedules. On multivariate analysis, patients with KPS ≤ 70 were 5.93 times more likely to have received 5-fractions (95% CI 2.51-14.1; p < 0.0001). Those treated 2010-2012 were less likely to have received 5 fractions (OR 0.28; 95% CI 0.11-0.68; p = 0.005). CPS, age, gender, MMSE, histology, disease extent, and extracranial irradiation were not predictive of WBRT schedule. CONCLUSIONS Patients treated with WBRT with KPS ≤70 and those treated more recently were more likely to receive five fractions. Oncologist CPS was not a statistically significant predictor of schedule in this cohort.

The evolving radiation therapist role in a multidisciplinary palliative radiotherapy clinic.

158 Background: Radiation therapists (MRTT) have been integrated in varying capacities into outpatient palliative radiotherapy (PRT) services across Canada for nearly two decades. We explored the experience of our centres MRTTs who have developed an essential role over nine years, from supporting one half-day PRT clinic per week to five full days of clinical, technical, research, and administrative involvement. METHODS An electronic survey was distributed to all 12 MRTTs who contributed to the PRT program (2007-2016), which was later supplemented by in-person semi-structured interviews. Qualitative analysis of the responses was undertaken to discern common themes. These were contextualized within the operational changes to our multidisciplinary clinical model, from pilot to integrated service. RESULTS Among seven respondents (range of PRT-specific experience: 1-5 years), five answered all questions. From the narratives, three common themes emerged: responsibilities, challenges, and opportunities. Responsibilities identified included: PRT planning/delivery (cited 13 times), patient assessment (12), multidisciplinary collaboration (MDC) (8), research (8), navigation (7), clinic process innovation (5), administration (5), communication (4), and education (2). Challenges described included: lack of support (cited 10 times), lack of shared understanding (5), high workload (5), pushback from colleagues (3), and inadequate staffing (2). However, opportunities outnumbered challenges, in terms of evolution of involvement in MDC (cited 13 times), patient care (8), increased autonomy (6), professional growth (5), role variation (5), scope of practice expansion (2), and being the teams key contact for referrals (2). The range of MRTT experiences, responsibilities and challenges encountered reflected specific PRT clinical and operational conditions. CONCLUSIONS As our PRT service model has evolved from short-term pilot to fully integrated departmental service, so has the MRTT role. MRTTs contributing to PRT as part of a MDC model are supportive of advancing non-traditional involvement in the holistic palliative care of patients with advanced cancer.

Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head After Palliative Radiotherapy in Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Absence of a Dose Threshold?

Avascular necrosis (AVN) is the final common pathway resulting from insufficient blood supply to bone, commonly the femoral head. There are many postulated etiologies of non-traumatic AVN, including corticosteroids, bisphosphonates, and radiotherapy (RT). However, it is unclear whether there is a dose threshold for the development of RT-induced AVN. In this case report, we describe a patient with prostate cancer metastatic to bone diagnosed with AVN after receiving single-fraction palliative RT to the left femoral head. Potential contributing factors are discussed, along with a review of other reported cases. At present, the RT dose threshold below which there is no risk for AVN is unknown, and therefore detrimental impact from the RT cannot be excluded. Given the possibility that RT-induced AVN is a stochastic effect, it is important to be aware of the possibility of this diagnosis in any patient with a painful hip who has received RT to the femoral head.

Does expected survival influence palliative radiotherapy treatment recommendations

35 Background: Survival is often overestimated, yet physicians rely on such predictions to recommend appropriate therapy and assist with end-of-life planning. Administration of radiotherapy (RT) within the last 30 days of life has been suggested as an indicator of poor quality care, since acute side effects reduce quality of life with insufficient time for symptomatic benefit. We investigated whether life expectancy predicted at the time of consultation correlates with palliative RT recommendations. METHODS Radiation oncologists from a dedicated palliative Radiation Oncology outpatient clinic anonymously completed survival estimations after clinical assessment, and recorded factors upon which each estimate was based. Demographics, primary histology, RT details, and date of death were abstracted. Summary statistics and Kaplan-Meier estimates of actual survival (AS) were obtained. Correlations between AS and clinical predictions of survival (CPS) were calculated using Spearmans correlation coefficient (r). Multivariate logistic regression analysis explored factors associated with RT recommendations. RESULTS 476 survival predictions were made for 420 unique patients (06/2010-01/2014). Median age was 67.7 years, 61.9% were male and 44.0% had lung cancer. Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) was > 70 at 23.9% of clinic visits. At 84.5% of consultations, RT was prescribed to 538 separate volumes (29.2% receiving 8Gy, 54.8% 20Gy, 6.3% 30Gy, 9.7% other). Mean AS was 179 days (SD 187d), moderately correlating with mean CPS of 242 days (SD 261d) with r = 0.38 (p < 0.0001). Factors most frequently cited as influencing CPS were KPS and extent of disease. At the time of 30/476 visits, CPS was < 30 days; at 19 of these visits, RT was prescribed to 26 volumes (21 bone, 3 whole brain, 2 chest), 2/3 as single fractions, finishing a median of 17 days before death. Expected survival was predictive of prescribed RT dose on univariate logistic regression, but did not retain significance on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Despite international surveys in which prognosis has been cited as the main factor affecting treatment decisions, in this cohort, other aspects appear to have more strongly influenced palliative RT recommendations.

Sci—Sat AM: Brachy — 08: MRI‐guided planning and maximum achievable HR‐CTV doses in cervix brachytherapy

PURPOSE To present an institutional experience with MRI-based intracavitary brachytherapy planning for cervix cancer treatments using the EMBRACE protocol and to evaluate maximum HR-CTV doses that can be achieved when OAR (bladder, rectum, and sigmoid) doses are allowed to equal GECESTRO recommended thresholds. METHOD Dose metrics from treatment plans for 20 patients created using MR images (for contouring HR-CTV and OARs) fused with CT images (for applicator reconstruction) are presented. Starting with a standard Manchester loading, plans were manually optimized (MO) by adjusting dwell positions and times to obtain the desired HR-CTV D90 target coverage of 35 Gy while limiting OAR doses to below recommended tolerances. In addition, retrospective planning was done using: (i) volume optimization (VO) to compare differences with MO in obtaining the desired target coverage; and (ii) MO and VO techniques to get the highest possible HR-CTV coverage by allowing OAR doses to equal tolerance values. The latter plans are referred to as MAX plans. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 3D MRI-guided treatment planning for cervix brachytherapy was shown to improve dose-volume coverage of the target and OARs. MO could conform HR-CTV D90 to the prescribed dose similar to the VO technique. Sigmoid was often the dose limiting structure. With respect to the prescribed HR-CTV D90 dose of 35 Gy, MAX plans could increase the prescribed dose by about 22% and 30% for MO and VO plans, respectively, without exceeding OAR thresholds. Consequently, dose escalation for MRI-guided cervix brachytherapy appears feasible should clinical circumstances warrant.