Florie Miard

Are heat waves susceptible to mitigate the expansion of a species progressing with global warming

A number of organisms, especially insects, are extending their range in response of the increasing trend of warmer temperatures. However, the effects of more frequent climatic anomalies on these species are not clearly known. The pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, is a forest pest that is currently extending its geographical distribution in Europe in response to climate warming. However, its population density largely decreased in its northern expansion range (near Paris, France) the year following the 2003 heat wave. In this study, we tested whether the 2003 heat wave could have killed a large part of egg masses. First, the local heat wave intensity was determined. Then, an outdoor experiment was conducted to measure the deviation between the temperatures recorded by weather stations and those observed within sun-exposed egg masses. A second experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions to simulate heat wave conditions (with night/day temperatures of 20/32°C and 20/40°C compared to the control treatment 13/20°C) and measure the potential effects of this heat wave on egg masses. No effects were noticed on egg development. Then, larvae hatched from these egg masses were reared under mild conditions until the third instar and no delayed effects on the development of larvae were found. Instead of eggs, the 2003 heat wave had probably affected directly or indirectly the young larvae that were already hatched when it occurred. Our results suggest that the effects of extreme climatic anomalies occurring over narrow time windows are difficult to determine because they strongly depend on the life stage of the species exposed to these anomalies. However, these effects could potentially reduce or enhance the average warming effects. As extreme weather conditions are predicted to become more frequent in the future, it is necessary to disentangle the effects of the warming trend from the effects of climatic anomalies when predicting the response of a species to climate change.

Effects of fertilisation on amino acid mobilisation by a plant‐manipulating insect

1. Phytophagous insects frequently manipulate their host‐plant to improve their immediate environment. This generally implies substantial modifications of host metabolism, and sometimes an alteration of nitrogen allocation within the host‐plant. However, the outcome of plant manipulation on amino acid or protein content can be modulated by environmental factors and host‐plant traits.

Cd, Pb, and Zn mobility and (bio)availability in contaminated soils from a former smelting site amended with biochar

Biochar is a potential candidate for the remediation of metal(loid)-contaminated soils. However, the mechanisms of contaminant-biochar retention and release depend on the amount of soil contaminants and physicochemical characteristics, as well as the durability of the biochar contaminant complex, which may be related to the pyrolysis process parameters. The objective of the present study was to evaluate, in a former contaminated smelting site, the impact of two doses of wood biochar (2 and 5% w/w) on metal immobilization and/or phytoavailability and their effectiveness in promoting plant growth in mesocosm experiments. Different soil mixtures were investigated. The main physicochemical parameters and the Cd, Pb, and Zn contents were determined in soil and in soil pore water. Additionally, the growth, dry weight, and metal concentrations were analyzed in the different dwarf bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) organs tested. Results showed that the addition of biochar at two doses (2 and 5%) improved soil conditions by increasing soil pH, electrical conductivity, and water holding capacity. Furthermore, the application of biochar (5%) to metal-contaminated soil reduced Cd, Pb, and Zn mobility and availability, and hence their accumulation in the different P. vulgaris L. organs. In conclusion, the data clearly demonstrated that biochar application can be effectively used for Cd, Pb, and Zn immobilization, thereby reducing their bioavailability and phytotoxicity.

Assisted Phytoremediation of a Multi-contaminated Industrial Soil Using Biochar and Garden Soil Amendments Associated with Salix alba or Salix viminalis: Abilities to Stabilize As, Pb, and Cu

With the development of the industrial era, environmental pollution by organic and inorganic pollutants increased and became a worldwide issue. Particularly, former industrial sites often present high concentrations of metal(loid)s. These pollutions have adverse effects not only on the environment but also to human health, as pollutants can enter the food chain. Therefore, contaminated sites need rehabilitation. Phytoremediation is a clean and low-cost solution to remediate such sites. However, vegetation establishment can be difficult on such extreme soils from both a physical and a chemical point of view. Consequently, amendments, like biochar and garden soil, must be applied. Biochar, product of biomass pyrolysis under low-oxygen conditions, showed beneficial effects on soil fertility and plant growth, as well as metal(loid) sorption properties. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of two organic amendments, biochar and garden soil, alone or combined, on the physico-chemical properties of a post-industrial soil and the growth of two Salix species (Salix alba and Salix viminalis) and evaluate the phytostabilizing capacities of the two Salix species. In this goal, a greenhouse experiment was performed, using garden soil at 50% (v/v) and/or biochar at 2 or 5% (w/w). The results showed that biochar did not improve soil physico-chemical properties, neither did it affect plant parameters (dry weight, organ metal(loid)s concentrations). Moreover, higher metal(loid) concentrations were found in the roots compared to the upper parts. Finally, S. alba presented lower metal(loid) concentrations in the aboveground parts compared to S. viminalis, associated with a good growth, which make it a better candidate for phytostabilization of the studied soil.

Phytotoxicity Test to Assess Biochar Associated To Others Amendments Effect on Pb and As from Mining Technosol

Romain Nandillon, Manhattan Lebrun, Florie Miard, Marie Gaillard, Stéphane Sabatier, Sylvain Bourgerie, Fabienne Battaglia-Brunet, Domenico Morabito Université d’Orléans, LBLGC INRA USC1328 rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France manhattan.lebrun@etu.univ-orleans.fr; florie.miard@univ-orleans.fr; domenico.morabito@univ-orleans.fr; sylvain.bourgerie@univ-orleans.fr IDDEA, Environmental Consulting Engineering 45160 Olivet, France romain.nandillon@iddea-ingenierie.fr; marie.gaillard@iddea-ingenierie.fr; stephane.sabatier@iddea-ingenierie.fr BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009 45060 Orléans, France f.battaglia@brgm.fr Università degli Studi del Molise, Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio 86090, Pesche, Italy

Capabilities of Fe-Functionalized Biochar to Decrease Soil Pb and As Phytodisponibility

Manhattan Lebrun, Florie Miard, Sullivan Renouard, Romain Nandillon, Gabriella S. Scippa, Domenico Morabito, Sylvain Bourgerie Université d’Orléans, LBLGC INRA USC1328 rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France manhattan.lebrun@etu.univ-orleans.fr; florie.miard@univ-orleans.fr; romain.nandillon@univ-orleans.fr; domenico.morabito@univ-orleans.fr; sylvain.bourgerie@univ-orleans.fr Université d’Orléans, LBLGC INRA, USC 1328Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres, 21 Rue de Loigny La Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France sullivan.renouard@univ-orleans.fr Università degli Studi del Molise, Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio 86090, Pesche, Italy scippa@unimol.it

Poplar Seeds Capabilities to Germinate on a Metal(Loid)S Contaminated Mining Technosol Differently Amended

Florie Miard, Romain Nandillon, Manhattan Lebrun, Marie Gaillard, Stéphane Sabatier, Sylvain Bourgerie, Domenico Morabito Université d’Orléans, LBLGC INRA USC1328 rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France manhattan.lebrun@etu.univ-orleans.fr; florie.miard@univ-orleans.fr; domenico.morabito@univ-orleans.fr; sylvain.bourgerie@univ-orleans.fr IDDEA, Environmental consulting engineering 45160 Olivet, France romain.nandillon@iddea-ingenierie.fr; marie.gaillard@iddea-ingenierie.fr; stephane.sabatier@iddea-ingenierie.fr BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009 45060 Orléans, France Università degli Studi del Molise, Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio 86090, Pesche, Italy

Effect of Fe-functionalized biochar on toxicity of a technosol contaminated by Pb and As: sorption and phytotoxicity tests

Biochar, produced by the pyrolysis of biomass under low oxygen conditions, has gathered attention in the last few years due to its capability to reduce metal(loid)s bioavailability and mobility in soils, as well as its beneficial effects on soil fertility. Indeed, biochar amendment to polluted soil induced usually an increase of pH, water holding capacity, and nutrient contents, associated with a decrease of metal(loid)s concentrations in soil pore water, through sorption. However, biochar has been shown efficient in sorbing cation pollutants, like Pb, but present a low sorption capacity towards anions like As. This contrasted behavior poses a problem, as most polluted soils are multi-contaminated, with both cation and anion pollutants. One of the solutions to overcome such problem is to functionalize biochar, by modifying its surface. However, most studies actually focused on functionalization effect on metal(loid)s sorption towards batch experiments, and only a few dealt with modified biochar incorporation to the soil. Therefore, this study aimed (i) to assess the sorption capacity of hardwood biochars, harboring different particle sizes, towards Pb and As; (ii) to evaluate the effect of a Fe-functionalization on Pb and As sorption; and (iii) to validate the results, in a phytotoxicity test using Phaseolus vulgaris as bioindicator plant. The batch experiments showed that all four biochars were able to efficiently sorb Pb, the fine biochars showing higher sorption values than the coarse biochars. As sorption was very low. Fe-coating increased As sorption value, while having no effect on Pb sorption. However, when incorporated in the soil, Fe-coated biochar did not improve soil physico-chemical properties compared to the pristine biochar; especially, it did not reduce As soil pore water concentrations. Finally, bean plant did not show differences in terms of biomass production between the two biochars incorporated into polluted soil, demonstrating that Fe-functionalization did not improve biochar capacity to decrease soil toxicity.