Floya Anthias

Secure borders and safe haven and the gendered politics of belonging: Beyond social cohesion

This article focuses on contemporary gendered politics of migration and belonging in Britain. The article starts with an examination of migration and the construction of boundaries in Europe and, more specifically, the gendered implications of recent immigration policies (labour, family, asylum) and the gendered nature of the notion of “secure borders” as well as that of “safe haven” in the UK White Paper. In particular, we address and problematize notions of belonging and “social cohesion” which occupy a central conceptual plank in this construction and consider how this relates to wider debates in contemporary Britain. Our concluding remarks raise central issues of debate with which the struggles against racism and feminism should engage. We stress the importance of intersectionality to such an analysis.

Rethinking Social Divisions: Some Notes towards a Theoretical Framework:

This paper attempts to provide a framework for theorising the social divisions of gender, ethnicity and class in terms of parameters of differentiation and inequality which lie at the heart of ‘the social’. The paper argues that there are common parameters to the social divisions of gender, ethnicity, ‘race’ (and class) in terms of categories of difference and positionality. The paper explores the distinctive ontological spaces or domains of gender and ethnos and argues that their study must be undertaken in local and specific contexts paying attention to their articulation. The articulation of the different social processes at the experiential, inter-subjective, organisational and representational levels produces specific social outcomes. Finally, a schematic outline of some of these articulations is presented.

Beyond feminism and multiculturalism:: Locating difference and the politics of location

Abstract This paper is concerned with the problems and the potential in bringing together the analysis of the different forms of oppression, particularly in the light of the debate on how feminism can be reconciled with multiculturalist democracies. In order to avoid the Scylla of feminist fundamentalism and the Charybdis of cultural relativism, the paper argues that there are two issues we need to keep hold of simultaneously. Firstly, there is the issue of the relationship between dominant and subordinate ethnic or cultural groups and to attack this unequal relationship at national and global levels (i.e., both within and between nations and states). Secondly, we need to look at the dominant and subordinate groupings or categories within these groups and to attack this relationship also. In order to develop the argument the concept of translocational positionality is introduced. The paper also examines the limitations of dialogic politics and the potential in rethinking the concept of equality.

The Intersection between Gender, the Family and Self-employment: The Family as a Resource

Many studies consider the importance of genderin relation to social processes and to entrepreneurship, yet few have addressedwhether women entrepreneurs can find a resource for gaining economic advantagesin their family and ethnicity. The relationship between self-employment and gender is examined, focusing onfemale-led businesses, and assessing the role of family as a site of supportfor self-employed women. There are two parts to this discussion: one discussesaspects of ethnicity, gender, and family, with particular reference toself-employment; and the other uses empirical data to contextualize thetheoretical issues raised. Biographical interviews with male and female entrepreneurs in the UnitedKingdom are used, focusing particularly on two southeast London boroughs.Examining the case studies of women entrepreneurs allows for the evaluation ofthe extent to which family labor and support determine the trajectory ofself-employed women. The interview questions targeted two major aspects: (1)support from family and networks (where family of origin is an important sourceof support for both women and men); and (2) motivations and outcomes relatingto self-employment (enterprise characteristics and difficulties, flexibility,the role of life crises, such as ill health, dependence, unemployment, as wellas issues of empowerment). One of the key findings of the study is the differing role of the family formen and women in the self-employment process. The tensions in the personalrelations between women and their husbands in setting up a business areconsidered issues of power and control that inform their personal dynamics.Whereas men are mainly motivated by financial gain, womens motivations includepersonal and symbolic factors related to their life project (often linked towomen’s desire for independence). Similarly, while ethnicity and family areimportant resources for self-employed men, they are not for women, regardlessof their ethnic difference.(CBS)

Race and Class Revisited – Conceptualising Race and Racisms:

This paper casts a critical eye on the ‘race’ and class debate in the British literature on race. It begins by arguing that ‘race’ derives its analytical status from its location within the wider category of ‘ethnos An exploratory framework is provided that defines racism’ and distinguishes it from race’ A number of central positions on the links between race and class are then reviewed and their theoretical and empirical difficulties discussed. The paper concludes by arguing that race and racism cannot be located as emanating essentially from specific class interest Racism is considered as a form i)f discourse and practice that can be harnessed to different political projects including those of class and nation building. Race on the other hand derives its ontological and analytical status from modes by which communal difference and identity are attributed and proclaimed.

Paradoxes of integration : female migrants in Europe

Acknowledgments Introduction: Paradoxes of Integration Floya Anthias, Mirjana Morokvasic-Muller and Maria Kontos 1. Profiling Female Migrants in Europe: categories of difference Ron Ayres, Tamsin Barber, Floya Anthias and Maja Cederberg 2. Welfare Regimes, Labour Markets, Policies: the Experiences of Migrant Women Floya Anthias, Maja Cederberg, Tamsin Barber and Ron Ayres 3. Informalization and Flexibilization at work: The Migrant Women Precariat speak Nicos Trimikliniotis and Mihaela Fulias-Souroulla 4. Coping with Deskilling: Strategies of Migrant Women across European Societies Anna Vouyioukas and Maria Liapi 5. Civic Participation of Migrant Women: Employing Strategies of Active Citizenship Mojca Pajnik, and Veronika Bajt 6. Female Migrants and the Issue of Residence Rights Karolina Krzystek 7. Family Matters: Migrant Domestic and Care Work and the Issue of Recognition Christine Catarino, Maria Kontos and Kyoko Shinozaki 8. Blurred Lines: Policies and Experience of Migrant Women in Prostitution and Entertainment Christine Catarino and Mirjana Morokvasic-Muller 9. Trafficking and Womens Migration in a Global Context Giovanna Campani and Tiziana Chiappelli Notes on the Contributors Floya Anthias, Maja Cederberg, Tamsin Barber and Ron Ayres 3. Informalization and Flexibilization at work: The Migrant Women Precariat speak Nicos Trimikliniotis and Mihaela Fulias-Souroulla 4. Coping with Deskilling: Strategies of Migrant Women across European Societies Anna Vouyioukas and Maria Liapi 5. Civic Participation of Migrant Women: Employing Strategies of Active Citizenship Mojca Pajnik, and Veronika Bajt 6. Female Migrants and the Issue of Residence Rights Karolina Krzystek 7. Family Matters: Migrant Domestic and Care Work and the Issue of Recognition Christine Catarino, Maria Kontos and Kyoko Shinozaki 8. Blurred Lines: Policies and Experience of Migrant Women in Prostitution and Entertainment Christine Catarino and Mirjana Morokvasic-Muller 9. Trafficking and Womens Migration in a Global Context Giovanna Campani and Tiziana Chiappelli Notes on the Contributors

Rethinking ‘race‐conscious’ policies in Britain

Abstract This paper argues that anti‐racism and multiculturalism tend to homogenize ethnic or minority groups by using static and reified conceptions of race, ethnicity and culture. Consequently, they fail to address the multiplicity of racisms as forms of exclusion and the notion of racism as entailing different outcomes for gender and class categories as well as for different ethnicities.

Gender, the family and self-employment: Is the family a resource for migrant women entrepreneurs?

In the literature on self-employment in general and female entrepreneurship in particular, what has rarely been considered is whether women entrepreneurs, like some of their male counterparts, can also treat their family and their ethnicity as a resource for pursuing economic advantages for themselves and their family and the extent to which gender relations and more specifically women’s relations with men and children can also act as a hindrance. The focus of this chapter is therefore to address these issues through discussion and illustration from biographical interviews with male and female entrepreneurs in the UK (London). One aim being to think through the multi-layered relations at work and attend to the intersections of gender, ethnicity and class.

Arenas of policy making

The key informant interviews aimed at gathering additional information about the relevant policies at hand in national contexts. The key informants are themselves strategic actors in the field and their views and attitudes are not necessarily objective or close to the truth. Experts’ interviews are thus understood as both adding presumably „objective“ data to our contextual knowledge, which includes previously assembled statistical and other data, as well as providing „contested knowledge“, where the expert knowledge of the key informants has to be weighed against the life experiences of the self-employed.