Frances Krasnow

International Association for Dental Research Scientific Proceedings of the New York Section. June 8, 19432

1. PULP DIAGNOSIS. Alexander Seelig, D.D.S.,* Montefore Hospital and School of Dental and Oral Surgery, Columbia University, New York. An attempt is made to understand the histology and the pathology of the dental pulp by studying first the general condition and the treatment accorded the patient and then secondly the specific environment of the particular tooth. This was done by making up a chart upon which was recorded the chief complaint, the history with all the tests that are commonly made in a dental practice, physical examination of the tooth and gingiva, clinical diagnosis, x-ray diagnosis, treatment, and extraction findings. Then the medical chart of the patient was combed for all related conditions that may have had an affect upon the pulp. Particular attention was given the blood pressure, blood counts, heart, lungs, kidneys, diseases and basal metabolism. The extracted teeth were then sectioned in toto, without cracking or cutting the tooth, so as to avoid the possibility of losing any relationships. The sections were then studied and an attempt was made to correlate the pathosis that was found and the clinical dental diagnosis. This turned out to be a difficult and unproductive endeavor. The reason that this attempt was a failure became apparent when the cases were grouped not according to the dental lesion but according to the medical diagnosis and the medical treatment accorded the patient. For then the tooth was recognized as a specialized organ first affected by the changes that went on through the organism, due to the general condition of the patient, and the treatment that he had received; and secondly, affected by the special conditions and diseases that the tooth was subject to. 2. TUBERCULOUS PERIAPICAL GRANULOMATA. Ralph Howard Brodsky, D.M.D., and Jack S. Klatell, D.D.S.,* Division Oral Surgery, Sea View Hospital, Staten Island, New York. At this hospital, one of the worlds large tuberculosis hospitals, we conducted a study of periapical granulomata taken at random. The patients included were adult males and females manifesting varying degrees of generalized tuberculous processes. Pathological sections of 362 of the granulomata revealed the presence of tuberculosis in 8% of the cases. The mode of

Method for Determination of Lipin Phosphorus.

Interest in the lecithin content of blood in syphilis necessitated an investigation of the various procedures for the estimation of phosphorus1-8 or more specifically, lipin phosphorus.2-6, 9 It was found that “test tube” oxidations by H2SO 4 and HNO3 had to be discarded. The danger of bumping with the small amount of reagents used became a source of great concern for micro-determinations.2-5, 7 , 8 , 11 This led to the use of H2SO4 and H2O2 (suggestions of Baumann11 and Briggs 3 ). Digestions were greatly facilitated, but certain difficulties were encountered. The figures obtained were not constant and often too high, the variations depending on the amount of H2O2 employed. 6 After much manipulation, a satisfactory technique was evolved, which may be detailed as follows: Blood (0.5 cc.) is pipetted into 10.0 cc. of an alcohol-ether mixture (3:1) contained in a 50 cc. volumetric flask, preferably fitted with a glass stopper, and brought to boiling by inmersion in a water-bath. Digestion is continued for about 3 min. After cooling, alcohol-ether is added to the 50 cc. mark and the whole shaken vigorously. The filtrate (25 cc.) is transferred quantitatively to a casserol of 150 cc. capacity and evaporated to dryness over a water-bath. Then 10 cc. of HNO3 (sp. gr. 1.42) is added and the dish rotated in such a way that the acid loosens the dried extract from the sides. 0.1 cc. H2SO4 (sp. gr. 1.84), 5 cc. KClO3 (saturated solution) and 4 cc. of a mixture of saturated KNO3, and a saturated solution of NaNO3 (1:1) are introduced. The casserol is placed in the oven at 85-95° C. and digestion continued until the mixture becomes white. A safe interval is about 20 hours. A longer period does not matter. The white crystalline residue is dissolved in water by heating over a small free flame and transferred to a centrifuge tube (15 cc.), Including at least 2 washings, the total volume should not exceed 10 cc.

International Association for Dental Research Scientific Proceedings of the New York Section

1. STATUS OF FLUORIDE THERAPY IN DENTISTRY. Frances Krasnow, The Murry and Leonie Guggenheim Dental Clinic, New York, N. Y. This resume presents an inventory of the results thus far observed. Primarily, the discussion centers upon (1) effects of fluoride on the teeth of individuals living in areas with water supply containing it in varying concentration; (2) influence of topically applied fluoride solutions on dental caries incidence; (3) possibility that fluoride intake may affect the enveloping tooth structures; (4) introduction of fluoride in water supply as a public health measure for dental caries alleviation; (5) use of bone meal as fluoride source. Fundamentally the fluoride ion is extremely active. There are possibilities of danger both in administration as well as in accumulative effects on body tissues, notwithstanding recent evaluation to the contrary on the basis of height, weight, fracture studies or urine examinations. Also, fluoride administration cannot be considered a truly preventive measure. Greater ultimate benefit may be reaped from the energy and funds appropriated if cognizance were taken of the physiological needs that are stressed for early childhood and then forgotten. Data show that this deviation is rapid and may be the cause of the rapid rise in malfunction, both dental and general, as we proceed from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. 2. A STUDY OF THE TOPICAL APPLICATION OF POTASSIUM FLUORIDE IN CARIES PREVENTION. Bion R. East, Daniel E. Ziskin, Lewis R. Stowe, Maxwell Karshan, Ellen P. Richardson,3 School of Dental and Oral Surgery, Columbia University, New York, N. Y. A preliminary report on the caries incidence in the newly erupted teeth of children subjected to repeated topical applications of potassium fluoride. Homologous teeth in the same individual served as controls, thereby nullifying such factors as diet, race, sex, etc. The investigating group consisted of an examiner, D. E. Ziskin, a custodian of records, Ellen P. Richardson, a treater, L. R. Stowe, a chemist, Maxwell Karshan, and a statistician, Bion R. East, who also planned the study. The examiner selected children with a pair of caries free teeth. Each child was referred with his examination record to the custodian of records who selected the tooth to be treated, first by lot and thereafter by alternation. Children were then sent with their treatment record in a sealed envelope to the treater who after applying the fluorine to the designated tooth returned the record in a sealed envelope to the custodian. Cases were

International Association for Dental Research: Scientific Proceedings of the New York Section February 28, 1956

1. AN ANTHROPOLOGIC STUDY OF DENTAL ANOMALIES. Meyer Klatsky, New York. This study is based on the examination of 8,328 human skulls of various ethnic stocks of ancient, primitive, and modern peoples. Twenty-five geographically arranged groups were investigated in the Department of Anthropology of the American Museum of Natural History, New York. The incidence of 6 different dental anomalies was studied: torus palatinus, torus mandibularis, supernumerary teeth, genetically missing teeth, reduced teeth, and impacted teeth. The number, location, and character of each one of these anomalies was observed and recorded. Following are the results: Torus palatinus was found in 18 of the geographic groups examined, totalling 482 cases. A particularly large number of cases with this anomaly was found among the German, Austrian, and Hungarian groups, and also among several of the American Indian collections, and the Eskimos. Torus mandibularis was noted in 11 groups, totalling 89 cases. The occurrence of this anomaly seems to be limited to some American Indian tribes, Eskimos, and Aleutian Islanders. Supernumerary teeth were found in 14 groups, totalling 41 teeth. Genetically missing teeth were found in all the 25 groups, totalling 947 teeth. Reduced teeth were found in 20 groups, totalling 129 teeth. Impacted teeth were found in 19 groups, totalling 157 teeth.

International Association for Dental Research: Scientific Proceedings of the New York Section College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, Oct. 10, 1954

This was a joint meeting with the Boston and Philadelphia Sections. Although experimental in nature, the attendance was good and interest satisfying. The morning session was chaired by Barnet M. Levy, School of Dental and Oral Surgery, Columbia University, that in the afternoon by Dean R. Nagel, New York University College of Dentistry. Both sessions were summarized by Paul Boyle, University of Pennsylvania School of Dentistry. The program consisted of: (1) STATISTICAL METHODS IN THE EVALUATION OF DENTAL CARIES INCIDENCE. J. W. Fertig, School of Public Health, Columbia University with discussion by D. Mainland, New York University. (2) THE USE OF FLUORINE IN THE CONTROL OF DENTAL CARIES. D. B. Ast, New York State Department of Health with discussion by Frances Krasnow, New York. (3) THE CONTROL OF DENTAL CARIES THROUGH MODIFICATIONS OF TOOTH STRUCTURE. G. Bevelander, New York University College of Dentistry with discussion by R. Sognnaes, Harvard University School of Dental Medicine. (4) MODIFICATION OF ORAL FLORA. N. B. Williams, University of Pennsylvania School of Dentistry with discussion by S. A. Ellison, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University. (5) ROLE OF RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY. H. Addelston, New York University College of Dentistry with discussion by Paul Losch, Children s Hospital of Boston. (6) MODIFICATION OF ORAL PHYSIOLOGY. Hans Neumann, Columbia University School of Dental and Oral Surgery with discussion by Irwin D. Mandel, School of Dental and Oral Surgery, Columbia University. NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, DEC. 1, 1954

International Association for Dental Research: Scientific Proceedings of the New York Section. The Guggenheim Dental Clinic-May 4, 1950t

4. MODIFICATIONS OF MANDIBULAR ARCHITECTURE FOLLOWING REMOVAL OF THE TEMPORALIS MUSCLE IN THE RAT. Sidney L. Horowitz, Research Assistant in Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Surgery, Columbia University, and Harry H. Shapiro, Department of Anatomy, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, N. Y. Gross findings and grenz ray studies following the unilateral removal of the temporalis muscle in the young rat show changes in the form and architecture of the mandible. The coronoid process fails to develop on the operated side. Examination by grenz ray of both the operated and control sides of the mandible indicate changes in the direction and formation of the bony trabeculae.

International Association for Dental Research: Scientific Proceedings of the New York Section College of Dentistry, New York University-May 5, 1949

FRANCES KRASNOW, Editor, New York Section 1. PERIARTERITIS NODOSA: REPORT OF A CASE WITH INVOLVEMENT OF THE TONGUE. Robert Gottsegen and Robert James Gorlin, School of Delntal and Oral Surgery, Columbia University, New York, N. Y. A review of periarteritis nodosa from the standpoint of incidence, etiology, and pathology is presented and one case is cited in which typical vascular involvement has been found in the tongue. To our knowledge this is the first such case described in the literature. 2. DENTAL PULP CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH TERMINAL PNEUMONIA. Alexander Seelig,t School of Dental and Oral Surgery, Columbia University, New York, N. Y. Postmortem material of the teeth and jaws of two infants, 11 and 12 months of age, respectively, who had succumbed to pneumonia were made available for study. This material was prepared for histological investigation in the Vienna laboratories of Dr. E. Gottlieb. The pulps of incompletely formed teeth, which were still imbedded in the surrounding tissues, were studied histologically. The marrow of the jaws was included in this study to understand better the blood contents of the vessels of the pulp. In selecting incompletely developed and unerupted teeth, local or external environmental factors could reasonably be eliminated. The odontoblastic layer in the incisal region of the anterior teeth and in the area of pulp horns of the posterior teeth was found entirely destroyed and invaded by wandering cells. In the direction of the apical region of the teeth, the odontoblastic layer was present, but presented various stages of degeneration. Vacuolization of these cells was a fairly common observation, the nuclei were picnotic and small, the cytoplasm replete with strands, and the cell distended considerably beyond its normal size. In some instances the nucleus of the cell was absent. There was no evidence of leucocytes. The blood vessels were engorged with erythrocytes. These findings are associated with terminal pneumonia and give evidence that the pulp, as an end organ of the body, reacts to systemic changes. 3. STATISTICAL METHODS OF RESEARCH IN THE DETERMINATION OF PRINCIPLES OF DENTISTRY. Alfred J. Asgis,t College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, N. Y. Dentistry has changed its biological and cultural makeup in the course of over a century of professional progress. It has assumed an important role in health conservation and social advancement. Dentistry may be defined as applied biology and sociology. The scope of dentistry in theory and

International Association for Dental Research FOUNDED IN NEW YORK, DECEMBER 10, 1920

Taking part were H. K. Addleston, Mrs. Addleston, E. D. Becker, F. E. Beube, Mrs. Beube, G. Bevelander, T. Blum, R. H. Brodsky, Mrs. Brodsky, D. Brown, E. 0. Butcher, L. Cahn, N. W. Chilton, G. W. Clapp, J. A. Cutitta, M. Diamond, J. R. Dunning, B. R. East, F. Ellis, L. Fox, W. J. Gies, J. F. Hall, S. Hemley, Mrs. Hemley, I. Hirschfeld, H. Holliday, T. Kaletsky, M. Karshan, M. Klatsky, Mrs. Klatsky, F. Krasnow, W. Lefkowitz, W. C. MacTavish, J. 0. McCall, A. H. Merritt, S. C. Miller, Mrs. Miller, I. Neuwirth, Mrs. Neuwirth, C. R. Oman, B. B. Palmer, W. Rosenbaum, R. M. Rankow, Mrs. Rankow, S. N. Rosenstein, Mrs. Rosenstein, I. Salman, J. A. Salzmann, Mrs. Salzmann, J. Schroff, B. Seidler, Mrs. Seidler, H. H. Shapiro, S. Sorrin, G. Stein, L. R. Stowe, D. Tanchester, B. Tannenbaum, Mrs. Tannenbaum, B. 0. A. Thomas, L. M. Waugh, Mrs. Waugh, L. Wolf, E. V. Zegarelli, Mrs. Zegarelli, D. E. Ziskin, Mrs. Ziskin.

Biochemical Studies of Streptococci: IV. Availability of Nitrogen Compounds

1 The previous papers in this series were published in this volume (ix, 1929) of the Journal of Dental Research: (1) Krasnow and Gies, p. 29; (2) Krasnow and Rosenberg, p. 123; (3) Krasnow and Rosenberg, p. 321. 2 A preliminary report was published in the Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1928, xxv, p. 664. 3Mannite was substituted for the mannose used by Capaldi and Proskauer.

The Availability of Nitrogen Compounds for the Streptococcus.

This report deals with the effect upon growth and viability of streptococci, of the addition of various nitrogen compounds to synthetic media. Details of the technique involved have previously been described. 1 , 2 The substances tested include inorganic nitrogen compounds, amino nitrogen compounds, benzene and imidazo derivatives and alkaloids. We found that (NH4)2HPO4 is more available for streptococcus than (NH4)2CO3, NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4. Previous investigators make no mention of such findings as applied to streptococcus metabolism. However, Dolt, 3 in his study of about 40 simple media for the growth of B. coli has chosen 2 as the best. One of these contains (NH4)2HPO4 as the sole source of N. Fermi 4 shows that this ammonium salt is easily utilized by B. prodigiosus and B. fitzianus. The relation of amino acids to the growth of streptococcus is not constant. For example, one series of experiments, in which amino acids were added to a basal mixture, showed glycocoll more beneficial than aspartic acid; in another series of experiments, the same amino acids were added to another basal mixture, aspartic acid was in the lead and glycocoll fell behind. Similar variable effects were obtained between aspartic acid and alanine and glycocoll and alanine. Tyrosine was always less available than glycocoll in these studies. The relation between tyrosine and aspartic acid was not so regular. It is evident that no definite conclusion can be drawn as to the comparative utilization of a certain group of compounds when a single basal mixture is investigated. When amino acids were compared with other N compounds 2 tendencies were noticed. In some cases the former were utilized less rapidly than the latter. There were, however, comparatively few instances in which this was true.