Francesc Baró

Contribution of Ecosystem Services to Air Quality and Climate Change Mitigation Policies: The Case of Urban Forests in Barcelona, Spain

Mounting research highlights the contribution of ecosystem services provided by urban forests to quality of life in cities, yet these services are rarely explicitly considered in environmental policy targets. We quantify regulating services provided by urban forests and evaluate their contribution to comply with policy targets of air quality and climate change mitigation in the municipality of Barcelona, Spain. We apply the i-Tree Eco model to quantify in biophysical and monetary terms the ecosystem services “air purification,” “global climate regulation,” and the ecosystem disservice “air pollution” associated with biogenic emissions. Our results show that the contribution of urban forests regulating services to abate pollution is substantial in absolute terms, yet modest when compared to overall city levels of air pollution and GHG emissions. We conclude that in order to be effective, green infrastructure-based efforts to offset urban pollution at the municipal level have to be coordinated with territorial policies at broader spatial scales.

Key insights for the future of urban ecosystem services research

Understanding the dynamics of urban ecosystem services is a necessary requirement for adequate planning, management, and governance of urban green infrastructure. Through the three-year Urban Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (URBES) research project, we conducted case study and comparative research on urban biodiversity and ecosystem services across seven cities in Europe and the United States. Reviewing > 50 peer-reviewed publications from the project, we present and discuss seven key insights that reflect cumulative findings from the project as well as the state-of-the-art knowledge in urban ecosystem services research. The insights from our review indicate that cross-sectoral, multiscale, interdisciplinary research is beginning to provide a solid scientific foundation for applying the ecosystem services framework in urban areas and land management. Our review offers a foundation for seeking novel, nature-based solutions to emerging urban challenges such as wicked environmental change issues.

Practical application of spatial ecosystem service models to aid decision support

Highlights • A structured protocol for adapting a spatial ecosystem service model to local contexts is proposed.• Decision context, the final users and uses of maps should drive the way the spatial ecosystem service models are structured.• Simply increasing spatial resolution is not sufficient to increase legitimacy and the ultimate utility of maps.• The type and level of stakeholders’ involvement is a determinant of spatial model usefulness.

Assessing the Potential of Regulating Ecosystem Services as Nature-Based Solutions in Urban Areas

Mounting research assesses the provision of regulating ecosystem services by green infrastructure in urban areas, but the extent to which these services can offer effective nature-based solutions for addressing urban climate change-related challenges is rarely considered. In this chapter, we synthesize knowledge from assessments of urban green infrastructure carried out in Europe and beyond to evaluate the potential contribution of regulating ecosystem services to offset carbon emissions, reduce heat stress and abate air pollution at the metropolitan, city and site scales. Results from this review indicate that the potential of regulating ecosystem services provided by urban green infrastructure to counteract these three climate change-related pressures is often limited and/or uncertain, especially at the city and metropolitan levels. However, their contribution can have a substantially higher impact at site scales such as in street canyons and around green spaces. We note that if regulating ecosystem services are to offer effective nature-based solutions in urban areas, it is critically important that green infrastructure policies target the relevant implementation scale. This calls for a coordination between authorities dealing with urban and environmental policy and for the harmonization of planning and management instruments in a multilevel governance approach.

Acetato de ulipristal 5 mg en el manejo de los miomas uterinos

aCentro de Estudios de Obstetricia y Ginecologia, Asociado-CEOGA, Lugo, Espana bServicio de Ginecologia, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Espana cInstituto Palacios, Salud de la Mujer, Madrid, Espana dServicio de Ginecologia, Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Espana eServicio de Ginecologia, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Espana fInstitut Universitari Dexeus, Barcelona, Espana gServicio de Ginecologia, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Espana hServicio de Ginecologia, Hospital General Universitario, Valencia, Espana iServicio de Ginecologia, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Espana jServicio de Ginecologia, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Espana kServicio de Ginecologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Espana

Disfunción endotelial y desequilibrio hemostásico en el síndrome X cardiológico

Resumen Introduccion La posible existencia de disfuncion endotelial y desequilibrio hemostasico en syndrome X cardiologico, frecuente en la posmenopausia, es un tema controvertido. Objetivo Comparar los biomarcadores: factor de Von Willebrand (FvW), fibrinogeno (Fb), inhibidor del factor tisular total (TFPI-t) y del activador del plasminogeno (PAI-1) en pacientes sin enfermedad arterial coronaria (sindrome X cardiologico, angina mixta y angina vasoespastica) y pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria. Material y metodos Se determinaron estos biomarcadores en 10 pacientes con sindrome X cardiologico, en 13 con angina mixta, en 15 con angina vasoespastica, en 10 con enfermedad arterial coronaria y en 20 controles sanos. Resultados Respecto del control sano, todas las pacientes presentaron valores elevados de Fb (3,1 g/l [2,7-3,6] frente a 2,8 g/l [2,2-3,2]; p = 0,03), FvW (211,9% [165-266] frente a 116,5% [91-155]; p Conclusion Los pacientes con sindrome X cardiologico presentan una situacion de disfuncion endotelial y de desequilibrio hemostasico similar a aquellos con angina mixta o angina vasoespastica, aunque menos severo que en pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria.