Francesca Dell'Acqua

The Carbunculus (Red Garnet) and the Double Nature of Christ in the Early Medieval West

Summary This paper aims to discuss the employment of garnets on early medieval gold crosses. Despite appearing on a large number of pectoral crosses from the Mediterranean as well as from northern Europe, the symbolism of garnets has never been fully explored. No study has related their employment to the major controversies that took place between the late seventh and the first half of the ninth centuries over the natures of Christ and the symbolism related to his incarnation. During these centuries, the Greek and Latin words meaning “garnet” gained new nuances in religious texts: this literary development will be followed, to shed light on the early medieval understanding and perception of garnets on early medieval crosses.

Porta coeli: the Annunciation as Threshold of Salvation

In one of his earliest monographs, Hans Belting recognized the painted crypt of the Abbot Epyphanius (824-842) in the monastery of San Vincenzo al Volturno as the most important cycle in early medieval South Italy. Belting developed an interpretation of the murals, their style, and content, by tracing connections over a wide geographical perspective. Though challenged over the years and eventually generally rejected, his reading of the crypt remains thought provoking. A response to the questions involved, this paper focuses on a specific image in the crypt, the Annunciation visible on the sides of the fenestella confessionis. This faded mural is one of the earliest Annunciations extant in which the protagonists are flanking an opening, as became conventional later in the Middle Ages. The appearance of this kind of Annunciation is considered here by reconstructing the east-west circulation of theological concepts during the Iconoclastic controversy; by identifying the textual imagery derived from these con...