Francesco Penta

Transverse strength of railway tracks: part 1. Planning and experimental setup

Several studies have been carried out until now by various Research Agencies and Railway Administrations to quantify the effects of the track-bed geometrical characteristics on the transverse strength of the track. Unfortunately, not all the possible scenarios in terms of track components, track-bed cross profile, operating conditions etc. have been investigated and not all the relevant variables have been directly measured. Therefore data available from the literature have different degrees of reliability. With the aim of enlarging the knowledge on the track stability and covering much of the possible relevant scenarios, an experimental research program has been developed in the framework of a cooperation between RFI, Italcertifer and DII. In order to perform the investigation under quite general conditions and to reduce the experimentation costs, n. 28 significant scenarios have been identified and reproduced on as many independent track segments. By applying on each track segment a transversal load, the strength of the ballast-sleeper interface has been determined. The results relative to the first four scenarios are presented in terms of applied load vs. lateral track displacement diagrams and in more synthetic numerical tables.

On the ballast–sleeper interaction in the longitudinal and lateral directions:

In service, railway tracks must withstand the transverse and longitudinal forces that are caused by running vehicles and thermal loads. The mechanical design that adopts any of the track models available in the technical literature requires that the strength of the track is fully characterised. In this paper, the results of an experimental research activity on the sleeper–ballast resistance along the lateral and the longitudinal directions are reported and discussed. In particular, the work is aimed at identifying the strength contributions offered by the base, the ballast between the sleepers, and the ballast shoulder to the global resistance of the track in the horizontal plane. These quantities were experimentally determined by means of an ad hoc system designed by the authors. Field tests were carried out on a series of track sections that were built to simulate scenarios in which the ballast was removed from the crib and/or the shoulder. The results of this study indicate that the strength percent contributions from the crib, the sleeper base, and the shoulder are, respectively, equal to about 50%, 25%, and 25% in the lateral direction, and 60%, 30%, and 10% in the longitudinal direction. Moreover, the comparison of the acquired data with literature results reveals that a detailed knowledge about the testing conditions and the activated ballast failure mechanisms is needed in order to correctly use the test data for the design purpose.

Gripping Analysis of an Underactuated Finger

The paper presents a theoretical study about the gripping of an underactuated tendon driver finger. The studies presented in the paper have been performed to analyse the capability of the proposed device to apply forces on the grasped object and to analyse the behaviour of the contact actions during the grasping. The analysis of two models is reported and the results of simulations are shown. The obtained results show a good efficiency of the designed finger.

A three-parameter model for fatigue crack growth data analysis

A four-parameters model for interpolation of fatigue crack growth data is presented. It has been validated by means of both data produced by the Authors and data collected from Literature. The proposed model is an enhanced version of a three-parameters model already discussed in a previous work that has been suitably modified in order to overcome some drawbacks raised when applied to a quite wider experimental data set. Results of validation study have also revealed that the new model, besides interpolating accurately crack growth data, allows to identify the presence of anomalies in the data sets. For this reason, by a suitable filter to be chosen depending on the size and number of anomalies, it can be used to remove them and obtain sigmoidal crack propagation curves smoother than those obtained when the current analysis techniques are used. In the end, possible model parameters correlations are analysed.

About the certification of railway rails

When the compliance with the European Code of some rail steel has to be verified, the need of carrying out the experimental activities in accordance with several testing Standards forces the operator both to solve the problems related to the choice of a suitable testing practice and often to interpret subjectively Standards guidelines. This does not facilitate the comparability and/or the quality of the results produced by several laboratories. With reference to a series of fatigue, fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth tests carried out by the authors on specimens extracted from rails, the main lacks in the current standards, related to both the choice of the control parameters and the testing procedures, are pointed out. Regarding the crack growth testing, several procedures to compute the crack growth rates to be compared with the limits prescribed by the Code are proposed. These procedures have been applied to a data set produced during the aforementioned testing activity, in order to highlight, by comparison of the results obtained by them, the significant differences in the crack growth rate estimates and the magnitude of the errors that can be done due to the lacks in the standard practices currently adopted.

Development of Predictive Models for Fatigue Crack Growth in Rails

Fatigue failures of rails often occur at the rail foot, since the geometry of this zone gives rise to stress concentrations under service loads or defects during rail manufacture and installation. In this paper, the fatigue behavior of cracks at the web/foot region of a rail is analyzed numerically. Analytical models in the literature for a semi-elliptical surface crack in a finite plate assume that the geometry of the front remains semi-elliptical during the whole propagation phase and the ellipse axes do not undergo translations or rotations. Fatigue tests show that this is not the case for such cracks in rails. A predictive model for crack growth has been developed by assuming an initial small crack at one probable initiation point between the web and foot of the rail in reference to a service condition loading. SIF values have been estimated by means of the finite element method and the plastic radius correction. The results attained were compared with crack growth experimental data.

A direct technique for the homogenization of periodic beam-like structures by transfer matrix eigen-analysis

To homogenize lattice beam-like structures, a direct approach based on the matrix eigenand principal vectors of the state transfer matrix is proposed and discussed. The Timoshenko couple-stress beam is the equivalent continuum medium adopted in the homogenization process. The girders unit cell transmits two kinds of bending moments: the first is generated by the couple of the axial forces acting on the section nodes, the other one is due to the moments directly applied at the node sections by the adjacent cells. This latter moment is modelled as the resultant of couple-stress. The main advantage of the method consists in to operate directly on the sub-partitions of the unit cell stiffness matrix. Closed form solutions for the transmission principal vectors of the Pratt and X-braced girders are also attained and employed to calculate the stiffnesses of the related equivalent beams. Unit cells having more complex geometries are analysed numerically. As a result, the principal vector problem is always reduced to the inversion of a well-conditioned (3 3)  matrix employing the direct approach. Hence, no ill-conditioning problems, affecting all the known transfer methods, are present in the proposed method. Finally, comparing the predictions of the homogenized models with the finite element (f.e.) results of a series of girder, a validation of the homogenization method is performed.

A decomposable freight wagon frame suitable for bimodal transport systems that uses a fast locking mechanism

This paper describes a novel connection system which allows fast, safe and reliable coupling and uncoupling of two sections of a freight wagon body as part of a bimodal transport system. The connection system allows the time for loading and unloading a truck trailer to be reduced to almost one-half of the current duration. The connection system is composed of a cylindrical clamping pin with three conical shoulders at one end and an axial slide. A crank mechanism in a cylindrical guide is used to lock the clamp. The crank is connected to the pin and symmetric piston rods are connected to the moving clamp, other auxiliary members constrain the clamp.

Inferenza bayesiana per l'analisi dei dati di prove di fatica

Si prende in esame il problema della caratterizzazione a fatica dei materiali mediante campioni di dati poco numerosi. Se ne prospetta una soluzione che impiega la metodologia bayesiana. Per la vasta famiglia degli acciai al carbonio, laminati a caldo o bonificati che siano, utilizzando dati di letteratura ed alcune consolidate correlazioni tra proprieta di fatica e resistenza statica, e definita una funzione di densita di probabilita a priori in grado di condensare gran parte delle informazioni disponibili. Queste ultime, in uno con quelle fornite dalla sperimentazione diretta, da esaminare mediante il teorema di Bayes, permettono di identificare con grande accuratezza la resistenza a fatica del particolare acciaio provato. L’efficacia del metodo proposto e verificata con una sperimentazione virtuale su un ipotetico acciaio condotta con il metodo Montecarlo.