Francesco Picano

The effect of particle density in turbulent channel flow laden with finite size particles in semi-dilute conditions

We study the effect of varying the mass and volume fraction of a suspension of rigid spheres dispersed in a turbulent channel flow. We performed several direct numerical simulations using an immersed boundary method for finite-size particles changing the solid to fluid density ratio R, the mass fraction χ, and the volume fraction ϕ. We find that varying the density ratio R between 1 and 10 at constant volume fraction does not alter the flow statistics as much as when varying the volume fraction ϕ at constant R and at constant mass fraction. Interestingly, the increase in overall drag found when varying the volume fraction is considerably higher than that obtained for increasing density ratios at same volume fraction. The main effect at density ratios R of the order of 10 is a strong shear-induced migration towards the centerline of the channel. When the density ratio R is further increased up to 1000, the particle dynamics decouple from that of the fluid. The solid phase behaves as a dense gas and the flu...

Universal Scaling Laws for Dense Particle Suspensions in Turbulent Wall-Bounded Flows

The macroscopic behavior of dense suspensions of neutrally buoyant spheres in turbulent plane channel flow is examined. We show that particles larger than the smallest turbulence scales cause the suspension to deviate from the continuum limit in which its dynamics is well described by an effective suspension viscosity. This deviation is caused by the formation of a particle layer close to the wall with significant slip velocity. By assuming two distinct transport mechanisms in the near-wall layer and the turbulence in the bulk, we define an effective wall location such that the flow in the bulk can still be accurately described by an effective suspension viscosity. We thus propose scaling laws for the mean velocity profile of the suspension flow, together with a master equation able to predict the increase in drag as a function of the particle size and volume fraction.

Drag reduction in turbulent channel flow laden with finite-size oblate spheroids

We study suspensions of oblate rigid particles in a viscous fluid for different values of the particle volume fractions. Direct numerical simulations have been performed using a direct-forcing immersed boundary method to account for the dispersed phase, combined with a soft-sphere collision model and lubrication corrections for short-range particle-particle and particle-wall interactions. With respect to the single phase flow, we show that in flows laden with oblate spheroids the drag is reduced and the turbulent fluctuations attenuated. In particular, the turbulence activity decreases to lower values than those obtained by only accounting for the effective suspension viscosity. To explain the observed drag reduction we consider the particle dynamics and the interactions of the particles with the turbulent velocity field and show that the particle wall layer, previously observed and found to be responsible for the increased dissipation in suspensions of spheres, disappears in the case of oblate particles. These rotate significantly slower than spheres near the wall and tend to stay with their major axes parallel to the wall, which leads to a decrease of the Reynolds stresses and turbulence production and so to the overall drag reduction.

Turbulent mixing of a slightly supercritical van der Waals fluid at low-Mach number

Supercritical fluids near the critical point are characterized by liquid-like densities and gas-like transport properties. These features are purposely exploited in different contexts ranging from natural products extraction/fractionation to aerospace propulsion. Large part of studies concerns this last context, focusing on the dynamics of supercritical fluids at high Mach number where compressibility and thermodynamics strictly interact. Despite the widespread use also at low Mach number, the turbulent mixing properties of slightly supercritical fluids have still not investigated in detail in this regime. This topic is addressed here by dealing with Direct Numerical Simulations of a coaxial jet of a slightly supercritical van der Waals fluid. Since acoustic effects are irrelevant in the low Mach number conditions found in many industrial applications, the numerical model is based on a suitable low-Mach number expansion of the governing equation. According to experimental observations, the weakly supercri...

DNS of a free turbulent jet laden with small inertial particles

Turbulent jets with a dispersed phase are widely found in technological applications or in natural flows. In Plinian volcano eruptions a multiphase jet-column is produced. In this process the mixing of the entrained fresh air into the hot stream of gas is crucial in establishing the conditions for pyroclastic flows (Kaminski et al., 2005).

The effect of polydispersity in a turbulent channel flow laden with finite-size particles

Abstract We study turbulent channel flows of monodisperse and polydisperse suspensions of finite-size spheres by means of Direct Numerical Simulations using an immersed boundary method to account for the dispersed phase. Suspensions with 3 different Gaussian distributions of particle radii are considered (i.e.xa03 different standard deviations). The distributions are centered on the reference particle radius of the monodisperse suspension. In the most extreme case, the radius of the largest particles is 4 times that of the smaller particles. We consider two different solid volume fractions, 2 % and 10 % . We find that for all polydisperse cases, both fluid and particles statistics are not substantially altered with respect to those of the monodisperse case. Mean streamwise fluid and particle velocity profiles are almost perfectly overlapping. Slightly larger differences are found for particle velocity fluctuations. These increase close to the wall and decrease towards the centerline as the standard deviation of the distribution is increased. Hence, the behavior of the suspension is mostly governed by excluded volume effects regardless of particle size distribution (at least for the radii here studied). Due to turbulent mixing, particles are uniformly distributed across the channel. However, smaller particles can penetrate more into the viscous and buffer layer and velocity fluctuations are therein altered. Non trivial results are presented for particle-pair statistics.

Flow and dispersion in anisotropic porous media: A lattice-Boltzmann study

Given their capability of spreading active chemical species and collecting electricity, porous media made of carbon fibers are extensively used as diffusion layers in energy storage systems, such as redox flow batteries. In spite of this, the dispersion dynamics of species inside porous media is still not well understood and often lends itself to different interpretations. Actually, the microscopic design of efficient porous media, which can potentially and effectively improve the performances of flow batteries, is still an open challenge. The present study aims to investigate the effect of fibrous media micro-structure on dispersion, in particular the effect of fiber orientation on drag and dispersion dynamics. Several lattice-Boltzmann simulations of flows through differently oriented fibrous media coupled with Lagrangian simulations of particle tracers have been performed. Results show that orienting fibers preferentially along the streamwise direction minimizes the drag and maximizes the dispersion, which is the most desirable condition for diffusion layers in flow batteries’ applications.

Curvature effects in turbulent premixed flames of H2/Air: A DNS study with reduced chemistry

Data from a three-dimensional Direct Numerical Simulation of a turbulent premixed Bunsen flame at a low global Lewis number are analyzed to address the effects of the curvature on the local flame front. For this purpose, the chemical kinetics is modeled according to a reduced scheme, involving 5 reactions and 7 species, to mimic a H2/Air flame at equivalence ratio ϕ=0.5. An increase of the local temperature and reaction rate is found for fronts elongated into the fresh gases (concave), while local quenching is observed for fronts elongated in the opposite direction (convex), i.e. towards the burnt mixture. Data show that the occurrence in the reaction region of these super-reactive (concave fronts) and quenched zones (convex fronts) is predominant compared to a behavior compatible with the corresponding unstretched laminar flame. In particular, well inside the reaction region, the probability density function of the OH radical concentration shows a bi-modal shape with peaks corresponding to negative (concave) and positive (convex) curvatures, while a locally flat front is less frequently detected. The two states are associated with a higher and lower chemical activity with respect the laminar case. Additional statistics conditioned to the local hydrogen concentration provide further information on this dual-state dynamics and on the differences with respect to the corresponding laminar unstretched flame when moving from the fresh to the burnt gas regions. Finally we discuss the effects of the turbulence on the thermo-diffusive instability showing that the turbulent fluctuations, increasing the flame front corrugations, are essentially responsible of the local flame quenching.

The effects of back-reaction on turbulence modulation in shear flows: A new exact regularized point-particle method

Particles advected by turbulent flows spread non uniformly and form small scale aggregates known as clusters where their local concentration is much higher than it is in nearby rarefaction regions. Recently it has been shown that the addition of a mean flow, through its large scale anisotropy, induces a preferential orientation of the clusters whose directionality can even increase in the smallest scales. Such finding opens new issues in presence of large mass loads, when the momentum exchange between the two phases becomes significant and the back-reaction of the particles on the carrier flow cannot be neglected. These aspects are addressed by direct numerical simulations data of particle laden homogeneous shear flows in the two-way coupling regime. Particles with Stokes number of order one induce an energy depletion of the classical inertial scales and the amplitude increase of the smallest ones where the particle back-reaction pumps energy into the turbulent eddies. We find that increased mass loads results in a broadening of the energy co-spectrum extending the range of scales driven by anisotropic production mechanisms. Such results are obtained in the context of the classical particle in cell method. To go beyond this approach we propose a new methodology to model particle laden two phase flows. The method is based on the exact unsteady Stokes solution around a point-particle and is intended to provide a physically consistent picture of the momentum exchange between the carrier and disperse phase.

Direct and Large Eddy Simulations of Droplet Condensation in Turbulent Warm Clouds

A cloud is a complex multiphase system constituted by a huge number of different substances such as water droplets, ice droplets, water vapor, organic vapors, air.