Francinaldo Soares Silva

Flebótomos (Diptera, Phlebotominae) da Ilha de São Luis, zona do Golfão Maranhense, Brasil

This study lists 32 species of sand flies, 1 of them belonging to the genus Brumptomyia and 31 to the genus Lutzomyia, distributed among the following subgenera: Psychodopygus (6), Nyssomyia (5), Pressatia (3), Evandromyia (2), Psathyromyia (2), Sciopemyia (2), Lutzomyia (1), Micropygomyia (1), Viannamyia (1), and the groups Oswaldoi (5) and Migonei (3). The sand flies were captured in the wild (forest) and in peridomicile (pigpen, hen house and stable) and intradomicile (bedroom) areas from 06:00 PM to 06:00 AM, once a month, for 4 years on the Island of Sao Luis, Maranhao. All species sampled were present in the forest. Among them, 16 were found in the peridomicile, while 11 were found inside the houses. A total of 22,581 specimens were captured, 65.1% of them in the peridomicile, 17.5% in the forest and 17.4% in the intradomicile. The most common species was Lutzomyia longipalpis (66.4% of the captured specimens), followed by Lutzomyia whitmani (24%) and Lutzomyia evandroi (5.9%). The remaining 29 species represented 3.7% of the total sample.

Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Lagoas, município de Buriticupu, Amazônia Maranhense. I - Riqueza e abundância relativa das espécies em área de colonização recente

In this study the diversity of the species and relative abundance of the sand flies in the Amazonian community of Lagoas, in Buriticupu, Maranhao State, was determined. The study consisted of adult sandflies captured with CD light-traps, Shannon-trap and manual aspiration tube, between 18 PM and 6 AM, once a month, from December/95 to January/97, in a forest fragment and in the domestic environment (peri and intra). In all, 9,393 specimens were captured (4,302 males and 5,140 females) distributed among 38 species (1 Brumptomyia and 37 Lutzomyia). The diversity and abundance of species was higher in the forest, followed by the peri and intra. The predominance in the wild ambient is a consequence of the potentialities found in the remaining fragments of the forest which have survived the lumber yard exploitation and agricultural activities. In the forest environment Lutzomyia whitmani (64.9%), L. migonei (27%) and L. serrana (3.6%) were the most frequent species. In the peri and intra domicile L. evandroi predominated (55.4% and 97.9%). The species, L. whitmani (33.4%) and L. migonei (6.4%), were important in the peri domicile. The peridomestic habit of 7.7% of the sand flies showed the greatest epidemiologic importance, due to the existence of patients with leishmaniasis ulcers, who believe they were infected near their habitations.

Flebotomíneos (Diptera, Psychodidae) de capoeira do Município do Paço do Lumiar, Estado do Maranhão, Brasil: Área de transmissão de leishmaniose

Apresentam-se a riqueza de especies, a abundância relativa, a flutuacao sazonal e horaria dos flebotomos estudados em uma capoeira da Ilha de Sao Luis - MA, area de transmissao de leishmanioses tegumentar e visceral. Os flebotomos foram capturados em armadilha luminosa, das 18h as 6h, uma vez por mes, de marco de 1997 a fevereiro de 1998. Foram coletados 489 especimens (251 machos e 238 femeas) de dez especies: Lutzomyia antunesi (45,19%), Lutzomyi whitmani (29,4%), Lutzomyia longipalpis (7,56%), Lutzomyia sordellii (6,34%), Lutzomyia flaviscutellata (4,5%), Brumptomyia avellari (4,09%), Lutzomyia evandroi (1,85%), Lutzomyia umbratilis (0,61%), Lutzomyia corossoniensis (0,41%) e Lutzomyia trispinosa (0,41%). Os flebotomos estiveram presentes o ano inteiro, com maior abundância na estacao chuvosa (janeiro a junho), e em todos os horarios, principalmente entre 0h e 1h.

Flebotomíneos (Diptera, Psychodidae) de área endêmica de leishmaniose na região dos cerrados, Estado do Maranhão, Brasil

Apresentam-se dez especies do genero Lutzomyia Franca, 1924, encontradas nos cerrados do nordeste maranhense. As capturas foram realizadas das 18h as 6h, uma vez por mes, durante nove meses, nos municipios de Aldeias Altas, Capinzal do Norte, Caxias, Codo, Coelho Neto, Timbiras, Timon e Tuntum, areas endemicas das leishmanioses visceral e tegumentar. No total, foram capturados 1.868 especimens em armadilhas luminosas tipo CDC, sendo 377 no intradomicilio (64,7% machos e 35,3% femeas) e 1.491 no peridomicilio (73% machos e 27% femeas). As especies encontradas foram as que seguem: Lutzomyia cortelezii, Lutzomyia evandroi, Lutzomyia goiana, Lutzomyia intermedia, Lutzomyia lenti, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Lutzomyia longipennis, Lutzomyia squamiventris, Lutzomyia termitophila e Lutzomyia whitmani. As mais abundantes no intra e no peridomicilios foram L. longipalpis (67,4% e 70,2%, respectivamente) e L. whitmani (31% e 24,7%, respectivamente). L. longipalpis ocorreu em todos os meses estudados, nas estacoes seca e chuvosa, e em todas as localidades trabalhadas.

Distribuição de Aedes aegypti e do dengue no Estado do Maranhão, Brasil

Dengue and Aedes aegypti are widespread in the State of Maranhão. During 1995, 87 of the 136 of the States counties, including 176 towns and 480,687 households, were studied, of which 30 counties (34. 4%), 118 towns (67.0%) and 10,357 households (2.1%) were positive for Aedes aegypti. The positive counties are distributed as follow: 3 on São Luís Island, 7 in the Amazonia of Maranhão, 12 in the southern zone of the cerrados or savannas, and 5 in the mixed forest/savanna/palm grove zone. One positive county for Ae. aegypti was located in each of the following: alluvial fields, forest/palm grove, and sand dune/shoals areas. The Ae. aegypti-positive household rates were higher in the Amazonia of Maranhão (3.5%) and on São Luís Island (2.5%), because they are the most heavily traveled migratory and trade routes between Maranhão and neighboring states and are also the States main economic centers. Household infestation rates for Ae. aegypti and reported dengue case rates were higher during the rainy season, showing the importance of rain in forming prime breeding sites for Aedes and spreading dengue.

Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the Amazônia of Maranhão. V. Seasonal occurrence in ancient colonization area and endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis

In this paper, the seasonal abundance of 25 sandfly species (1 of the Brumptomyia genus and 24 of the Lutzomyia genus) found at P1V5, municipal district of Buriticupu, Maranhão State, is discussed. The capture was carried out from 18:00 P.M. to 6:00 A.M., once a month, from January to December 1996. CDC light traps were set up in the forest, in the peri and intradomicile environments. Five species were only found in the rainy season (January to June), being represented by one or two individuals; eight species occurred only in the dry season (July to December) and eleven species appeared in both seasons. The most frequent species in the dry period were: L. whitmani (26.3%), L. serrana (23%), L. choti (22.8%), L. evandroi (7.5%), L. longipalpis (5.8%), L. termitophila (3.3%), L. shannoni (3%) and L. migonei (2.5%). In the rainy season, L. whitmani was the prevailing species (74%), followed by L. termitophila (4%), L. umbratilis (3.4%), L. serrana (2.8%), L. evandroi (2,8%) and L. claustrei (2.4%). L. whitmani was thought to be an annual species, occurring in the entire year of study. The others species, with exception to L. serrana and L. evandroi, showed a seasonal, punctual or peripheric pattern.

Euglossine Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of Buriticupu, Amazonia of Maranhão, Brazil1

Male euglossine bees attracted to cineole, vanillin, methyl salicylate, eugenol and benzyl benzoate, were collected from October 1995 to September 1996, twice a month, between 06.00 and 12.00 hours, at the Companhia Vale do Rio Doce Forest Reserve, Buriticupu-MA. It were sampled 1740 individuals, 37 species and 4 genera. Euglossa was the most abundant genus (23 species), followed by Eufriesea (8), Eulaema (4) and Exaerete (2). The most frequent species were Euglossa pleosticta (33% of the collected individuals), Euglossa truncata (12,7%), Euglossa avicula (6,3%), Eufriesea superba (5,2%), Euglossa fimbriata (4,8%) Euglossa violaceifrons (4,4%), Eulaema nigrita (4,1%), Euglossa cordata (4,0%), Eulaema meriana (3,4%). Cineole attracted 66% of males and 70% of species, vanillin (20%; 59%), methyl salicylate (7,4%; 54%), eugenol (5,6%; 44%) and benzyl benzoate (0,7%; 10,8%). The highest abundance of individuals (78,3%) and species (34) occurred in the rainy season (January-June). The species of the genus Eufriesea occurred only in this period. Regarding the hourly activity, the euglossine bees were more frequently found between 10.00 and 11.00 hours, accounting for 33,5% of the individuals and 86,4% of the species.

Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a Cerrado Area of the Maranhão State, Brazil

The present paper aims to increase the knowledge on the sand fly fauna in the cerrado areas of Maranhão state in urban, rural and forest environments. The research was carried out from October 2007 to September 2008, between 18:00h and 06:00h, in the municipality of Chapadinha, northeast Maranhão. For insect sampling, CDC light traps were set up in peridomicile and domicile areas of urban and rural zones as well as in Cerrado and Gallery forests. The total of 1,401 specimens belonging to 17 species were sampled, all within the genus Lutzomyia. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) (52.5%), Lu. evandroi (Costa Lima & Antunes) (18.3%), Lu. whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho) (12.1%), Lu. lenti (Mangabeira) (4.7%) and Lu. termitophila (Martins, Falcão & Silva) (4.0%) were the most frequently collected. From an epidemiological viewpoint, five from all of the collected species are vectors of leishmaniasis: Lu. longipalpis, Lu. whitmani, Lu. flaviscutellata (Mangabeira), Lu. gomezi (Nitzulescu) and Lu. chagasi (Costa Lima). Lutzomyia chagasi was registered for the first time in Maranhão state and Lu. saulensis (Floch & Abonnenc), Lu. monstruosa (Floch & Abonnenc) and Lu. gomezi were found for the first time in the eastern part of the state, since they had been reported only in the Amazonian region of Maranhão. Regarding to the studied environments, the urban chicken house had the highest number of specimens collected (801), while the Gallery Forest was the most diverse (15 species). This study demonstrates that the northeast cerrado exhibits a mixed sand fly fauna characterized by an extremely important species vectors assortment involved in the epidemiological cycle of leishmaniasis in Maranhão state.

Evaluation of light-emitting diodes as attractant for sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in northeastern Brazil.

Hoover Pugedo light traps were modified for use with green and blue-light-emitting diodes to trap phlebotomine sandflies in northeastern Brazil. A total of 2,267 specimens belonging to eight genera and 15 species were sampled. The predominant species were Nyssomyia whitmani(34.41%) and Micropygomyia echinatopharynx(17.25%).The green LED trap prevailed over the blue and control lights; however, no statistically significant difference could be detected among the three light sources. Even without statistical significance, we suggest using LEDs as an attractant for the capture of sandflies because of several advantages over the conventional method with incandescent lamps.

Abundance and Night Hourly Dispersal of the Vesicating Beetles of the Genus Paederus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Attracted to Fluorescent, Incandescent, and Black Light Sources in the Brazilian Savanna

ABSTRACT Paederus beetles are cosmopolitan medically important insects that cause dermatitis linearis to humans. In Brazil, despite the medical importance of these beetles, no studies focusing directly on the abundance and ecological features of harmful species exist. Therefore, this study aims at determining the abundance and the nocturnal hourly dispersal of Paederus species attracted to fluorescent, incandescent, and black light sources in the Brazilian savanna. Paederus species were captured from May to September for three consecutive years, between 2011 and 2013. The specimens were caught hourly, from 1800 to 0600 hours. Paederus beetles were attracted to incandescent, fluorescent, and black light lamps as light sources. A total of 959 individuals of five species were collected. The collected species were Paederus protensus Sharp (59.85%), Paederus columbinus Laporte de Castelnau (29.20%), Paederus mutans Sharp (7.09%), Paederus brasiliensis Erichson (3.34%), and Paederus ferus Erichson (0.52%). The black light was the most attractive source, and the darkest collecting point was the most representative for the number of individuals. The lowest catches were captured at full moon, and the highest catches were between 2200 and 0100 hours. Future investigations are needed to better understand the role of night temperature and soil humidity affecting the seasonal growth of Paederus beetle populations of northeastern Brazil.