Francis DeRoos

An international consensus study of neuroleptic malignant syndrome diagnostic criteria using the Delphi method.

OBJECTIVE The lack of generally accepted diagnostic criteria for neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) impedes research and clinical management of patients receiving antipsychotic medications. The purpose of this study was to develop NMS diagnostic criteria reflecting a broad consensus among clinical knowledge experts, represented by an international multispecialty physician panel. PARTICIPANTS Eleven psychiatrists, 2 neurologists, 2 anesthesiologists, and 2 emergency medicine specialists participated in a formal Delphi consensus procedure. EVIDENCE A core bibliography consisting of 12 prominent, current reviews of the NMS literature was identified by an objective, comprehensive electronic search strategy. Each panel member was given a copy of these references and asked to examine them before commencing the survey process. CONSENSUS PROCESS After reviewing the core bibliography, panel members were asked to list any clinical signs or symptoms or diagnostic studies that they believed, on the basis of their knowledge and clinical experience, were useful in making a diagnosis of NMS. In subsequent survey rounds, panel members assigned priority points to these items, and items that failed to receive a minimum priority score were eliminated from the next round. Information about individual panel member responses was fed back to the group anonymously in the form of the group median or mean and the number of members who had ranked or scored each survey item. The a priori consensus endpoint was defined operationally as a change of 10% or less in the mean priority score for any individual item, and an average absolute value change of 5% or less across all items, between consecutive rounds. The survey was conducted from January 2009 through September 2009. RESULTS Consensus was reached on the fifth round regarding the following criteria: recent dopamine antagonist exposure, or dopamine agonist withdrawal; hyperthermia; rigidity; mental status alteration; creatine kinase elevation; sympathetic nervous system lability; tachycardia plus tachypnea; and a negative work-up for other causes. The panel also reached a consensus on the relative importance of these criteria and on the following critical values for quantitative criteria: hyperthermia, > 100.4°F or > 38.0°C on at least 2 occasions; creatine kinase elevation, at least 4 times the upper limit of normal; blood pressure elevation, ≥ 25% above baseline; blood pressure fluctuation, ≥ 20 mm Hg (diastolic) or ≥ 25 mm Hg (systolic) change within 24 hours; tachycardia, ≥ 25% above baseline; and tachypnea, ≥ 50% above baseline. CONCLUSIONS These diagnostic criteria significantly advance the field because they represent the consensus of an international multispecialty expert panel, include critical values, provide guidance regarding the relative importance of individual elements, and are less influenced by particular theoretical biases than most previously published criteria. They require validation before being applied in clinical settings.

Integration of Social Media in Emergency Medicine Residency Curriculum

INTRODUCTION As education moves away from the age of pen and paper, the digital platform has become a rapidly growing resource for both emergency medicine educators and learners. Social media are any Internet-based applications that enable content sharing and rapid interactions between large populations. The growth and influence of social media technologies have allowed the distribution of ideas far beyond geographic borders. During the past decade, an estimated 141 blogs and 42 podcasts related to emergency medicine and critical care have been developed in 24 countries. Free open access meducation (FOAM), defined as a community of open access resources for learning in medicine, leverages the powerful sharing and interactive qualities of social media to rapidly disseminate educational materials and expert insights. Social media resources are being used frequently by emergency medicine training programs; a recent survey of 226 emergency medicine residents at 12 different residency programs showed that almost 98% use some form of social media for learning for at least 1 hour per week. Many emergency medicine residency programs across the United States and Canada have started their own Twitter accounts (Table), largely through the work of the group at Academic Life in Emergency Medicine (ALiEM). Despite the strong tendency to use social media for learning, there remains a lack of understanding or science of how to implement it effectively. Our primary goal is to describe the different social media modalities and how our program and others have created a presence in these platforms.Wewill also offer specific examples of how these modalities can be integrated asynchronously or in conjunction with didactic sessions. Last, wewill highlight the potential struggles and barriers that may be associated with the implementation and integration of social media in residency education. We hope that this article will spark further discussion on social media use and inspire future studies to examine the effectiveness of its integration in emergency medicine residency curricula.

Aldicarb Poisoning by an Illicit Rodenticide Imported into the United States: Tres Pasitos

Objective: Although intentional and unintentional rodenticide poisoning is common, most readily available agents are of relatively low acute toxicity. A four-year long epidemic of severe toxicity from rodenticide exposure continues among patients predominantly of Dominican descent living in New York City. This study characterizes the ongoing epidemic of acute cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning due to an illicit rodenticide and identifies its etiology. Methods: A prospectively collected case series of poisoned patients referred to the New York City Poison Control Center. The main outcome measures include the clinical characteristics upon presentation, antidotal and other therapeutic requirements, and patient outcome. Product analysis was performed with paper chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography. A murine model assessing both clinical effect and cholinesterase activity was also performed. Results: Thirty-five patients were referred following exposure to Tres Pasitos. Patients developed signs of cholinergic hyperactivity and many required high doses of atropine (>10 mg) to control these symptoms. The source was identified as a rodenticidal compound sold illicitly in local groceries primarily within the Dominican community. Murine cholinesterase activity fell significantly following exposure to the rodenticide. High-performance liquid chromatography identified aldicarb, an extremely potent carbamate-type cholinesterase inhibitor, not licensed for rodenticidal use in this country. Conclusion: Illicit sale of undocumented compounds poses a substantial public health threat. Despite several public health interventions, the epidemic continues.

Determining the need for admission in patients with new-onset seizures.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine which adult patients with new-onset seizures require admission and whether those who require admission can be identified in the emergency department. DESIGN Retrospective chart review of patients seen during a 5-year period. SETTING Urban county teaching hospital in southern California. PARTICIPANTS Three hundred thirty-three adult patients with new-onset seizures. Patients were excluded if they had acute head trauma, hypoglycemia from diabetic therapy, or alcohol- or recreational drug-related seizures. INTERVENTIONS Standardized medical evaluation including physical examination, CBC, SMA-7 (electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose), calcium, cranial computed tomography (CT), lumbar puncture if indicated, and admission to the hospital. RESULTS Forty-six percent of patients (136 of 294) admitted to our hospital required admission as judged by a retrospective evaluation of the ED and hospital course. The numbers of patients who had a clinically significant result with each part of the evaluation were: physical examination, 75 of 333 (23%); CBC, 25 of 319 (8%); SMA-7, 21 of 329 (6%); calcium, 2 of 208 (1%); CT, 134 of 325 (41%); and lumbar puncture, 19 of 227 (8%). Ninety-five percent of patients requiring admission (129 of 136) were detected by the standardized medical evaluation. CONCLUSION One half of patients with new-onset seizures require admission. Patients with new-onset seizures who require admission can usually be detected by a standardized medical evaluation in the ED.

Prescribing Practices, Knowledge, and Use of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMP) by a National Sample of Medical Toxicologists, 2012

Prescription opioid analgesic misuse and addiction are a significant public health concern in the USA. Through their concurrent roles as prescribers and public health stewards, medical toxicologists (MTs) have a unique perspective on this issue. They represent a physician group with a particular interest in prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) because of their subspecialty knowledge of the negative consequences of opioid overprescribing in terms of misuse, diversion, addiction, and overdose death. This study surveyed a national sample of MTs about their opioid prescribing patterns and their knowledge and use of PDMPs. A link to a Web-based survey was disseminated by email to the physician membership of the American College of Medical Toxicology. The survey assessed the circumstances and details of the respondents prescribing practices for opioids and their knowledge and use of PDMPs. This included focused questions regarding their perceived limitation of their current PDMP. Responses were received from 205/445 surveys (46 %), representing responses from 35 states. The majority (78 %) of MTs responding to the survey reported that they primarily practice emergency medicine. Although awareness of PDMPs, in general, was high, approximately 25 % reported no knowledge of or did not have access to their state’s PDMP. Barriers to use included time and complexity required to access relevant information. MTs prescribe opioids primarily to patients in the Emergency Department (ED) for acute pain or acute exacerbations of chronic pain. MTs are generally aware of PDMPs, although many were unaware of or not using their state-based PDMPs when prescribing opioids in clinical practice.

A Review of Emergency Cardiopulmonary Bypass for Severe Poisoning by Cardiotoxic Drugs

Cardiovascular collapse remains a leading cause of death in severe acute drug intoxication. Commonly prescribed medications such as antidysrhythmics, calcium channel antagonists, and beta adrenergic receptor antagonists can cause refractory cardiovascular collapse in massive overdose. Emergency cardiopulmonary bypass (ECPB), a modality originating in cardiac surgery, is a rescue technique that has been successfully implemented in the treatment of refractory cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest unresponsive to traditional medical interventions. More recently a growing number of animal studies, case reports, and case series have documented its use in refractory hemodynamic collapse in poisoned patients. This article will review current ECPB techniques and explore its growing role in the treatment of severely hemodynamically compromised poisoned patients.

Medication history taking in emergency department triage is inaccurate and incomplete.

OBJECTIVES Medication error prevention has become a priority in health care. The Joint Commission recommends that a list of medications, dosages, and allergies be obtained from all patients. The authors sought to determine the accuracy of medication history taking in emergency department (ED) triage. The hypothesis was that there would be significant discrepancies between medications listed in triage and those the patient was actually taking. METHODS This was a prospective, cross-sectional survey of adult patients presenting to the ED. As a part of regular care, nurses recorded a medication list during triage in the electronic medical record (EMR). For this study, the triage medication list was rechecked during an independent patient interview. RESULTS Of 1,797 patients approached, 1,657 completed the survey (92%). The mean age was 39 years (standard deviation [SD] ±16 years). Discrepancies in medication lists obtained during triage were documented in 626 (37%) patients. Discontinued medications (163, 9.8%) were included, additional medications (463, 27.9%) were omitted, and 632 patients (38%) reported taking a nonprescription medication not listed in the EMR. CONCLUSIONS Medication histories performed in ED triage are inaccurate and incomplete.

Medications from the web: use of online pharmacies by emergency department patients.

BACKGROUND Internet access and online pharmacies are a resource for purchasing medications. It is unclear if this venue is being used by emergency department (ED) patients to obtain medications. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the frequency of and to characterize online pharmacy use by ED patients. We hypothesized that students and younger patients would be more likely than others to obtain medications via online pharmacies due to their familiarity with the Internet. METHODS This prospective, cross-sectional survey occurred in an urban university ED. We enrolled a convenience sample of adult patients. The study was Institutional Review Board approved, and informed consent was obtained. To determine differences between online pharmacy users and non-users, chi-squared or Fishers exact tests were used for categorical data, and t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used for continuous variables. RESULTS There were 1657 patients who completed the survey. The mean age was 39 years, standard deviation 16 years; 947/1657 (57%) reported awareness of online pharmacies; 89/1657 (5.4%) patients used the Internet to order medications. More patients with prescription plans ordered medications from online pharmacies (94.3% vs. 70%; p<0.0001), and Internet users were more commonly on multiple medications (median 3 vs. 1; p<0.0001). There was no difference in age (39.4 vs. 41 years; p=0.2) or student status (13.8% vs. 14.9%; p=0.8) between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Approximately 5% of ED patients used the Internet to obtain medications. Contrary to our hypothesis, younger patients were not more likely to use the Internet for medications. Patients on multiple medications and those with prescription plans used online pharmacies more frequently.

Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) envenomation resulting from captive specimens – A review of five cases

Background. Five cases of illegitimate bite by captive specimens of the Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) snake have demonstrated the dangers of keeping exotic African snakes in captivity. Case series. Four cases necessitated hospitalization for the bite and were characterized by progressive swelling of the affected limb, local necrosis and hemorrhagic edema near the wound, chest tightness and prolonged coagulation times. However, platelet counts were not altered. All patients received antivenom and had uneventful recovery, except for one who underwent amputation of a distal phalanx and one who required debridement. In the fifth case, the patient died without being able to summon help. Discussion. The results of this case series emphasize the need for extreme care to be exercised with the captivity of exotic snakes, such as the Gaboon viper. The increasing popularity of this snake as a captive pet predicates the need for private collectors to have a pre-existing treatment strategy with their local emergency centers. Such arrangements may facilitate the treatment of envenomation by this snake.

Assessing EM Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Milestones Using a Novel Debate Format.

Graduate medical education is increasingly focused on patient safety and quality improvement; training programs must adapt their curriculum to address these changes. We propose a novel curriculum for emergency medicine (EM) residency training programs specifically addressing patient safety, systems-based management, and practice-based performance improvement, called “EM Debates.” Following implementation of this educational curriculum, we performed a cross-sectional study to evaluate the curriculum through resident self-assessment. Additionally, a cross-sectional study to determine the ED clinical competency committee’s (CCC) ability to assess residents on specific competencies was performed. Residents were overall very positive towards the implementation of the debates. Of those participating in a debate, 71% felt that it improved their individual performance within a specific topic, and 100% of those that led a debate felt that they could propose an evidence-based approach to a specific topic. The CCC found that it was easier to assess milestones in patient safety, systems-based management, and practice-based performance improvement (sub-competencies 16, 17, and 19) compared to prior to the implementation of the debates. The debates have been a helpful venue to teach EM residents about patient safety concepts, identifying medical errors, and process improvement.