Francis Pakes

A site visit survey of 101 mental health liaison and diversion schemes in England

This article presents the findings of a unique site visit audit of all known assessment, liaison and diversion schemes in England. The Lord Bradley Review placed great importance upon such teams to be a hub of service provision for individuals with mental health needs who pass through the criminal justice system. This study, undertaken to inform the Lord Bradley Review (2009, www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_098694), demonstrates that although these schemes carry out their core function of undertaking mental health assessments well, their organisational embedding is often poor and their sustainability questionable. Indicators for best practice regarding the shape and operation of these teams are identified and discussed.

Penalization and retreat: The changing face of Dutch criminal justice

This article examines criminal justice policy in the Netherlands from 1994 until 2002. These so-called purple years, in reference to the labour-liberal coalition government in office were characterized by falling crime rates and a hugely expanding criminal justice state at the expense of traditional Dutch reductionist penal policy. The emergence of a Dutch-style crime complex requires scrutiny in light of Downes’s emphasis on Dutch post-war tolerance towards lawbreakers. I conclude that tolerance no longer is a driving force in penal matters but it continues to inform the governance of areas of ambiguous morality such as euthanasia and prostitution. The beneficiaries of the new tolerance are no longer offenders but rather those making certain life choices or preferring certain lifestyles. This article looks at causes and effects of these changes in the nature of criminal justice governance in the Netherlands.

Applying psychology to criminal justice

About the editors. Contributors. Preface. Chapter 1 Psychology and law: A science to be applied (David Carson, Becky Milne, Francis Pakes, Karen Shalev and Andrea Shawyer). Chapter 2 Eyewitness Identification (Ronald P. Fisher & Margaret C. Reardon). Chapter 3 Behavioural science and the law: Investigation (John G. D. Grieve). Chapter 4 Investigative interviewing: the role of research (Becky Milne, Gary Shaw and Ray Bull). Chapter 5 Credibility assessments in a legal context (Aldert Vrij). Chapter 6 Fact finding and evidence (Jenny McEwan). Chapter 7 A psychology and law of fact finding? (David Carson). Chapter 8 Criminal responsibility (Susan Dennison). Chapter 9 Criminal thinking (Emma Palmer). Chapter 10 The Mentally Disordered Offender: Disenablers for the Delivery of Justice (Jane Winstone and Francis Pakes). Chapter 11 Decision making in criminal justice (Edie Greene and Leslie Ellis). Chapter 12 A behavioral science perspective on identifying and managing hindsight bias and unstructured judgment: Implications for legal decision making (Kirk Heilbrun and Jacey Erickson). Chapter 13 To decide or not to decide: Decision making and decision avoidance in critical incidents (Marie Eyre and Laurence Alison). Chapter 14 Processes: Proving guilt, disproving innocence (David Carson). Chapter 15 The changing nature of adversarial, inquisitorial and Islamic trials (Francis Pakes). Chapter 16 Misapplication of Psychology in Court (Peter J. van Koppen). Chapter 17 Identifying liability for organizational errors (David Carson). Chapter 18 Applying Key Civil Law concepts (David Carson, Becky Milne, Francis Pakes, Karen Shalev and Andrea Shawyer). Index.

League Champions in Mid Table: On the Major Changes in Dutch Prison Policy

The Netherlands has traditionally been known for having perhaps the mildest prison policy of the Western world in terms of prisoner numbers and prisoner treatment. However, over the last 15 to 20 years a dramatic change has taken place. The number of detention years has steadily increased since 1985; subsequently an extensive prison building scheme was launched, which resulted in more than double the number of prison cells. The landmark change in prison policy is probably completed by the coming into force of the Penitentiary Principles Act 1999 [ Penitentiare Benginselenwet] (Ministry of Justice 1997b), that became law on 1 January 1999. The new legislation re-prioritises Dutch prison policy, by emphasising security and sobriety. This article examines causes and effects of these developments.

The moderating effect of emotional intelligence on the reduction of corruption in the Nigerian Police

This study investigated the moderating effect of emotional intelligence on the reduction of corruption in the Nigerian Police. Three hundred police officer participants (mean age, 35.4) purposively and randomly selected from three State Police Command areas participated in a six‐week quasi‐experiment in which two existential–phenomenological counselling techniques (focusing on locus of control and self‐efficacy) were used as interventions. Two instruments, the Police Emotional Intelligence Scale and the Police Ethical Behaviour Scale, were utilized in the study. The data collected were analysed using analysis of covariance and t‐test statistics treating emotional intelligence as a moderator at two levels (high and low). Findings showed that emotional intelligence could effectively moderate attitudinal measures on police corruption. These findings support the use of emotional intelligence as a catalyst in promoting integrity‐based policing in Nigeria.

The Comparative Method in Globalised Criminology

Abstract Traditional comparative criminology has predominantly focused on the comparison of isolated and self-contained cultures and arrangements. However, globalisation has altered states of isolation and self-containment to produce spheres of interrelation. That provides a challenge to the comparative method. This article will argue that comparative criminology needs to come to terms with novel objects in new conceptual and organisational layers, both above the state and below the city. Such enquiry requires agility. Rather than identifying and crossing new frontiers, globalised comparative criminology should concern itself with the complex interplay between global, national, city and subcity levels. This approach is illustrated by an examination of contrasts in community safety between the rival Dutch cities of Amsterdam and Rotterdam.

Effective Practice in Mental Health Diversion and Liaison

Many criminal justice mental health diversion and liaison teams are under threat of extinction. Nacro (2005) notes a steady decline in their number, despite the fact that these schemes in principle provide a valuable service and can fit any social inclusion or crime preventative agenda. In order for such teams and schemes to thrive they need to be strengthened urgently, a point concurred with by Jack Straw when he asked Lord Bradley to undertake a review into mental health diversion as a means of reducing the prison population. But before these schemes can thrive they must survive. We, therefore, argue that research into their sustainability is required and here we introduce a tool we developed (MHEP-AC) that is now in use for that purpose.

Globalisation and the challenge to criminology

There is no doubt that globalisation has profound effects on crime, justice and our feelings of security, identity and belonging. Many of these affect both the making of laws and the breaking of laws. It has been argued however that criminology has been too provincial, focusing as it often does on national laws and issues, whilst others have said that globalisation is the stuff of international relations, global finance and trade, not of criminology. This book disputes this by asserting that criminology has a firm place in this arena and globalisation offers the discipline a challenge that it should relish. Some of the fields top scholars from the UK, the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand consider these challenges and present cutting-edge analysis and debate. Topics covered include transnational organised crime, international policing and a range of other issues involving global harm such as genocide, the workings of international financial institutions, the fate of international migrants and the impact of anti-immigration sentiments in Europe. A particular focus is on borders and arrangements that deal with migration and populations that are excluded and adrift. This book highlights criminologys analysis and engagement in new understandings of globalisation, in particular its harmful and unethical manifestations, and offers a mode of scrutiny and vigilance. Globalisation and the Challenge to Criminology will be of particular interest to those studying criminology, criminal justice, policing, security and international relations as well as those who seek to understand globalisation and, in particular, its harmful outcomes.

The effect of locus of control in the reduction of corruption in the Nigerian police

Purpose – Locus of control is the perception of an individuals perception about events in his or her life. This paper aims to improve police ethical standards using a counselling approach, locus of control to reduce police corruption in Nigeria.Design/methodology/approach – A pre‐test, post‐test and control group quasi‐experimental approach using a 2 × 2×2 factorial matrix was employed in the study. Participants were 200 police personnel conveniently sampled from Oyo and Lagos State Police Commands, Nigeria. Quantitative data were collected with a 100 per cent success rate using a valid and reliable instrument, the police ethical behaviour scale (PEBS).Findings – Results of the study using analysis of covariance and t‐test statistics on three generated hypotheses indicated that locus of control as a counselling technique could significantly reduce police corruption. The moderating effect of gender and career status on the intervention (locus of control) showed that female participants and senior police o...

Locus of Control and Self-Efficacy as Means of Tackling Police Corruption in Nigeria

The study investigated the effect of two existential-phenomenological counselling techniques (locus of control and self-efficacy) on the reduction of police corruption-facilitating attitudes in Nigeria. Three hundred police personnel from three State Police Commands participated in the study. These participants who ranged in age between 26 and 53 (Mean = 35.4) were allocated into one of two experimental conditions or a non-treatment control groups and as well matched into commissioned and noncommissioned groups. Participants treated with locus of control and self-efficacy (both involved six weekly sessions) showed significant reduction in a post-test corruption measure. Participants in the self-efficacy condition demonstrated a higher level of change than their counterparts in the locus of control condition. These findings and their implications for integrity-based policing are discussed.