Francisco Gerson Araújo

Spatial, temporal and diel variations of fish assemblages at two sandy beaches in the Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Fish assemblages from two beaches, one in the inner and the other in the outer Sepetiba Bay (latitude: 22 � 549–23 � 049S; longitude: 43 � 349–44 � 109W), Southeast Brazil, were sampled by beach seine net, simultaneously, on both seasonal and diel scales, between August 1998 and June 1999. Sites were selected to encompass different environmental conditions which reflect the two bay zones, thus providing a comprehensive assessment of the factors influencing surf zone fish assemblages, and their spatial, seasonal and diel variations. A total of 55 fish species was recorded, mostly young-of-the-year. Anchoa tricolor, Micropogonias furnieri, Gerres aprion, Diapterus rhombeus, Harengula clupeola, Atherinella brasiliensis and Mugil liza were numerically dominant and contributed to 95.2% of the total fish catches. Strong differences in fish assemblages were observed between the two areas, with higher number of species in the outer bay. Increases in fish numbers occurred in winter, while the highest biomass occurred in winter and summer. Transparency, followed by salinity, was responsible for most of the spatial variability and played an important role in structuring fish assemblages. Overall, diel patterns did not reveal any significant trends; however, if we consider each season separately, an increase in fish numbers during the day with peak at sunset was observed in winter, and a higher biomass occurred at night in winter and summer. Species preferences for various combinations of environmental variables are responsible for shifts in the structure and overall abundance of assemblages and dictated some patterns. The sciaenid M. furnieri, the second most abundant species, occurred only in the inner zone, being more abundant in winter. The species of Engraulidae were more abundant in the outer zone in winter/ spring during the day. The gerreids G. aprion and D. rhombeus occurred mainly in summer. Overall, temporal fluctuations act more at a specific level than at a structural one, and may be linked to some particular stages of the fish life cycle, but do not significantly influence the spatial organization. 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Adaptação do índice de integridade biótica usando a comunidade de peixes para o rio Paraíba do Sul

The Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) has been used to assess the biological quality of flowing water systems in several areas of the United States and Western Europe, using the fish community. An adaptation of this index, which was firstly described by Karr (1981), was used for the first time in Brazil at the Paraiba do Sul river, between Barra Mansa and Barra do Pirai. This is a very important extent of this river because of the high pollution levels, mainly from National Siderurgy Company, and for being the main abstraction source of Rio de Janeiro water supply. A monthly standardised sampling programme to catch fish was carried out, from March-1995 to February-1996, at four fixed stations (Barra Mansa, Volta Redonda, Pinheiral e Barra do Pirai), all located at the mouth of small tributaries. Seines, casting nets and net trays were used for catch the fishes. Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) was adapted by integrating 12 ecological attributes of fish communities, populations, and individual organisms to assess biological integrity based in Species Composition and Richness, Trophic Structure and Fish Abundance and Condition. Overall, water quality was classified between poor and fair and an improvement in IBI was detected between the high polluted Barra Mansa site and the least polluted Barra do Pirai site, although no significant difference was shown (p > 0,01). Seasonally, the best conditions were reached between March and August, and the worse between September and February, when more aloctone materials are brought to the river.

Environmental influences on the demersal fish assemblages in the Sepetiba Bay, Brazil

The structure of the demersal fish assemblage in Sepetiba Bay, southeast Brazil (22°54′–23°04′S, 43°34′–44°10′W) was described and related to environmental variables. A 3-yr long trawl survey (from July 1993 to June 1996) was conducted using a stratified random sampling strategy at 158 stations. One hundred and seven species of fishes in 80 genera and 44 families were identified. Gerreidae and Ariidae made up 30.5% and 28.6%, and 19.8% and 28.1% of the total number and weight, respectively. Sciaenidae, Engraulididae, Sparidae, and Carangidae were other prominent families. Three assemblages existed in the bay: one inhabited shallow, less saline and less transparent water in the inner zone (depth <5 m, transparency <2 m, salinity <30 psu, and slightly higher temperature); another in the outer zone with the opposite situation (depth >10 m, transparency >3 m, salinity >30 psu, and slightly lower temperature); and a third assemblage in the middle zone likely to prefer average values or show no clear preferences. Most species decreased in abundance over the 3-yr period of study. No seasonal change was detected in the assemblage structure, but many species were rare, indicating high spatial and temporal patchiness. Canonical correlation analyses were used to describe and compare the fish assemblages in the three different habitats. The outer zone had the greatest number of species recorded, lowest abundance, highest diversity and evenness, and was comprised mainly byCynossion leiarchus, Prionotus punctatus, Anchoa tricolor, Haemulon steindachneri, Diplectrum radiale, Etropus crossotus, andSphoeroides greeleyi; the inner zone had the lowest number of species recorded but the greatest number of species per sample, highest abundance, lowest diversity and evenness, being comprised mainly byDiapterus rhombeus, Genidens genidens, Cathrops spixii, Chloroschombrus chrysurus, Sciadeichthyes luniscutis, Cetengraulis edentulus, andArchorsargus rhomboidalis; while the third group had the lowest number of species per sample, being comprised by species widely distributed asGerres aprion, G. genidens, Gerres gula, andMicropogonias furnieri. Depth, followed by transparency and salinity, were the primary factors influencing assemblage distribution.

Longitudinal patterns of fish assemblages in a large tropical river in southeastern Brazil: evaluating environmental influences and some concepts in river ecology

This study aimed to evaluate environmental influences on fish distribution and to assess the extent to which concepts in river ecology accommodate levels of spatio-temporal heterogeneity of fish assemblages in a 1,080-km long tropical river. A total of 25 sites were sampled between November 2002 and March 2003 in two seasons (summer/wet versus winter/dry). A thermal gradient separating the upper reaches from the lower reaches was detected. The middle-upper reaches showed higher conductivity and lower dissolved oxygen and pH levels compared with the other reaches. Although some significant associations were found between some fish abundance and environmental variables, the most abundant species (Tilapia rendalli, Geophagus brasiliensis, and Oligosarcus hepsetus) occurred in most sites and under most environmental conditions. Fish community structure varied more in space (longitudinal) than through time (seasonal). The community in the lower reach species was more diverse in comparison with the other reaches. Differences in the fish assemblage structure among the longitudinal river sections appear to have been influenced by the effects of damming, and seem to be partially consistent with the Serial Discontinuity Concept, which views dams as discontinuities within the river continuum. Only the lower river reach showed seasonal differences in the fish community structure, attributable to the influence of flooding. Management plans and biodiversity conservation will benefit by considering the effects of dam disruption and flood increased connectivity to the lotic systems.

Estrutura da comunidade de peixes demersais da baía de Sepetiba, RJ

Um programa de amostragens mensais de arrasto de fundo em sete estacoes de coleta na Baia de Sepetiba foi realizado entre julho de 1993 e junho de 1994 com o objetivo de descrever a estrutura da comunidade de peixes e suas variacoes espaciais e temporais. Noventa e sete especies de peixes foram levantadas, compreendendo 70 generos e 38 familias. As familias Ariidae, Gerreidae, Sciaenidae, Carangidae e Sparidae, nesta ordem, foram as mais abundantes em numero, contribuindo com 69,9% do total capturado, enquanto Ariidae, Sparidae, Gerreidae, Haemulidae e Sciaenidae somaram 67,9% do peso total. Genidens genidens, Gerres aprion, Cathorops spixii, Micropogonias furnieri e Chloroscombrus chrysurus, nesta ordem, foram as especies mais abundantes, contribuindo cada uma com mais de 5% do numero total de peixes capturados. O maior numero de peixes foi associado as menores profundidades e transparencias, enquanto a salinidade apresentou, na maior parte do tempo, valores estaveis em torno de 29%o. Maiores abundâncias de peixes ocorreram entre fins do verao e inicio do inverno. O numero e peso dos peixes foram maiores na zona interna da Baia enquanto o numero de especies foi maior na zona externa, proxima ao limite com o mar. O elevado numero de especies de peixes sugere o importante papel da Baia de Sepetiba como area de criacao e desenvolvimento para a comunidade de peixes.

Spatial and seasonal changes in the diet of Oligosarcus hepsetus (Characiformes, Characidae) in a Brazilian Reservoir

We assessed spatial and seasonal changes in the diet of Oligosarcus hepsetus in order to describe the strategy developed by this species that allows their very high abundance in Lajes reservoir, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Fish samplings were carried out using gill nets, deployed during ca. 12 and 24 hours, between April 2001 and May 2002. A total of 289 individuals were examined, of which 97 showed gut contents. We used the index of relative importance (IRI) to compare probable dietary shifts, and the frequency of occurrence (% OC) to analyze possible ontogenetic influences on feeding. O. hepsetus showed carnivorous habits, feeding preferably on fish and insects, the latter of which occurred in 71.0% of the guts presenting contents. O. hepsetus consumed different items along the three reservoir zones: insects (61.0% IRI) and Cichla monoculus (38.9% IRI) in the lower zone; Lepidoptera (57.0% IRI) in the middle zone; and C. monoculus (77.0% IRI) in the upper zone. Food items changed seasonally with C. nonloculus predominating in autumn 2001, and Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera in the winter. In spring almost all food was Lepidoptera (99.8% IRI), while in the summer Hemiptera dominated in the diet. In autumn 2002 Hemiptera (97.0% IRI) was dominant, in significant contrast with the previous autumn. Individuals smaller than 190 mm SL fed heavily on insects, while fishes predominated in the diet of individuals larger than 190 mm SL. Shifts in prey-capture ability among length classes suggest decreasing intraspecific competition. A higher food plasticity seems to be the strategy employed by this opportunist species, which used food resources available in the reservoir.

Diversidade das assembléias de peixes nas quatro unidades geográficas do rio Paraíba do Sul

Padroes na diversidade de peixes ao longo de quatro unidades geograficas (superior, medio-superior, medio-inferior e inferior) no rio Paraiba do Sul foram estudados com a finalidade de avaliar tendencias de variacoes espaciais (unidades geograficas) e temporais (periodos de cheia e seca). Vinte e cinco locais foram amostrados entre Dezembro de 2002 e Marco de 2003 (verao/cheia) e, entre Agosto e Novembro de 2003 (inverno/seca). Os peixes foram capturados com um esforco padronizado, utilizando redes de espera, tarrafas e peneiras. Um total de 81 especies foram registradas compreendendo 9 ordens, 29 familias e 55 generos. Characiformes apresentaram maior numero de especies (28) seguido de Siluriformes (23). Perciformes, principalmente Tilapia rendalli e Geophagus brasiliensis, e Cyprinodontiformes com destaque para Poecilia vivipara e Poecilia reticulata, foram os grupos numericamente mais abundantes, enquanto Siluriformes, principalmente Hypostomus luetkeni, e Perciformes com Geophagus brasiliensis apresentaram maior contribuicao em biomassa. Poecilia vivipara foi encontrada apenas no periodo de seca. Espacialmente, Hoplosternum littorale predominou no trecho medio-superior, Pimelodus fur, Hypostomus luetkeni, Glanidium albescens no trecho medio-inferior, e Loricariichtys spixii e Prochilodus lineatus no trecho inferior. O numero de especies e a riqueza de Margalef apresentaram um aumento do trecho superior para o inferior, principalmente durante o periodo de cheia. Especies que apresentaram ampla distribuicao ao longo do rio (G. brasiliensis, Oligosarcus hepsetus e P. reticulata) sao consideradas oportunistas por se aproveitarem dos recursos disponiveis em ambientes pobres, refletindo o estado de alteracoes do rio. Diferenciacoes na fisiografia ao longo da extensao longitudinal da bacia nao coincidiram com mudancas nas assembleias de peixes, sugerindo que fatores associados a alteracoes de habitats poderiam estar estruturando a comunidade de peixes a nivel local.

Effects of a nuclear power plant thermal discharge on habitat complexity and fish community structure in Ilha Grande Bay, Brazil.

Fish communities and habitat structures were evaluated by underwater visual censuses a rocky location impacted by thermal discharge (I) and at two control locations, one in a Sargassum bed (C1) and the other in a rocky shore with higher structural complexity (C2). Habitat indicators and fish communities exhibited significant differences between the impacted and control locations, with the impacted one showing a significant decrease in fish species richness and diversity, as well as a decrease in benthic cover. At the I location, only 13 fish species were described, and the average water temperature was 32+/-0.4 degrees C, compared with 44 species at C1 (25.9+/-0.3 degrees C) and 33 species at C2 (24.6+/-0.2 degrees C). Significant differences in fish communities among locations were found by ANOSIM with Eucinostomus argenteus, Mugil sp. and Haemulon steindachneri typical of location I, while Abudefduf saxatilis, Stegastes fuscus and Malacoctenus delalandi were typical of the control locations. Our study shows that thermal pollution alters benthic cover and influences fish assemblages by altering composition and decreasing richness.

Fish assemblages as indicators of water quality in the Middle Thames Estuary, England (1980-1989)

Fish abundance and environmental data collected over ten years (1980–1989) from the middle Thames estuary, England, were analyzed to detect temporal trends in fish populations and relationship with environmental parameters, and to assess water quality. Fish were collected from the cooling water intake screens of West Thurrock power station, situated 35.5 km below London Bridge, in the mid-estuary. Marine species abundance were highly seasonal, with peaks in December–March for herring (Clupea harengus), sprat (Sprattus sprattus), 3-spined-stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), and poor cod (Trisopterus minutus); July–August for flounder (Platichthys flesus); and September–December for sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus), bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), and dab (Limanda limanda). Bimodal seasonal patterns of peaks or unclear seasonality in abundance characterized marine estuarine-dependent sole (Solea solea), Nilssons pipefish (Syngnathus rostelattus) (April/May and September/October), and pouting (Trisopterus luscus) (May and November/December); the estuarine smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) (October and January) and the catadromous eel (Anguilla anguilla) (June and October). There was substantial variation in the abundance of common species over the period of ten years, with herring, sand goby, flounder, and plaice showing a stable abundance in 1980–1984, increasing sharply in 1985–1986, and then decreasing successively through the remainder of the decade (1987–1989). The first half of the decade was a period of higher abundance for less tolerant species such as smelt, sprat, and poor cod, while the second half showed higher abundances of species tolerant to harsh environmental conditions such as sand goby, flounder, eel, and plaice. A general pattern of stable fish populations with a slight trend of deterioration was found to emerge over the years, related to the number of species and quantities of common species. Multivariate techniques of principal component and canonical correspondence ordinations were used for assessing relationships between fish populations abundance and environmental variables. The most significant environmental variables correlated with fish species were temperature and dissolved oxygen. High abundances of flounder were associated with high temperature, while high abundance of poor cod, sprat, herring, and 3-spined-stickleback were associated with high dissolved oxygen, flow, ammonical nitrogen, and low temperature. Plaice, whiting, sand goby, bass, and dab were preferentially found in high salinity and suspended solids, while smelt and sole were likely to prefer average values or showed no clear preferences.

Fish Gills Alterations as Potential Biomarkers of Environmental Quality in a Eutrophized Tropical River in South-Eastern Brazil

Gill anomalies in three common fish species of different taxonomic order, habitat dwelling and feeding habits (one Characiformes, Oligosarcus hepsetus; one Siluriformes, Hypostomus auroguttatus; and one Perciformes, Geophagus brasiliensis) from a eutrophized tropical river in south‐eastern in Brazil were compared. The aim of this study was to search for sentinel species that could be used as potential biomarkers of environmental quality. Most fish had gills with histological changes, namely epithelial lifting, interstitial oedema, leucocyte infiltration, hyperplasia of the epithelial cells, lamellar fusion, vasodilatation and necrosis. On the other hand, lamellar blood congestion and lamellar aneurysm, which are more serious and often irreversible changes, were recorded for the water column carnivorous O. hepsetus and, to a lesser extent, for the bottom‐dwelling detritivorous H. auroguttatus. A histopathological alteration index (HAI) based on the occurrence and severity of gills anomalies indicated that O. hepsetus (mean score = 11.4) had significantly higher values (Kruskall–Wallis H2,41 = 15.95, P = 0.0003) compared with G. brasiliensis (mean score = 7.0). Overall, the omnivorous G. brasiliensis had comparatively lesser occurrence of most gill anomalies compared with other two species, being less suitable as biomarker of environmental quality. In contrast, the water column–dweller O. hepsetus (water column) and the bottom‐dweller H. auroguttatus had gills most susceptible to changes, making them more suitable for using as histological biomarkers of the environmental quality in entrophized tropical rivers.