Francisco Hideo Aoki

Viral hepatitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus

From 1992 to 1995 we studied 232 (69% male, 87% Caucasian) anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) positive Brazilian patients, through a questionnaire; HIV had been acquired sexually by 50%, from blood by 32%, sexually and/or from blood by 16.4% and by an unknown route by 1.7%. Intravenous drug use was reported by 29%; it was the most important risk factor for HIV transmission. The alanine aminotransferase quotient (qALT) was >1 for 40% of the patients, 93.6% had anti-hepatitis A virus antibody, 5.3% presented hepatitis B surface antigen, 44% were anti-hepatitis B core antigen positive and 53.8% were anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) positive. The anti-HCV test showed a significant association with qALT>1. Patients for whom the probable HIV transmission route was blood had a 10.8 times greater risk of being anti-HCV positive than patients infected by other routes. Among 30 patients submitted to liver biopsy, 18 presented chronic hepatitis.

Paracoccidioidomicose e infecção pelo virus da imunodeficiência humana

Sao apresentados dois casos de paracoccidioidomicose, um em paciente com a sindrome da imunodeficiencia adquirida e o outro em paciente com infeccao pelo HIV. Trata-se dos primeiros relatos em que esta associacao e descrita na literatura. No primeiro, a micose se evidenciou durante o acompanhamento de paciente com AIDS, que passou a apresentar hepato-esplenomegalia e febre elevada. A ecografia, radiografia simples e tomografia computadorizada do abdomen, demonstraram nodulos solidos, alguns calcificados, no parenquima esplenico. A puncao aspirativa da medula ossea confirmou o diagnostico; o conjunto dos achados caracterizou a forma aguda disseminada da paracoccidioidomicose, a qual levou o paciente ao obito. No segundo relato, em paciente com infeccao pelo HIV, a proposito de investigacao de tumoracao na regiao inguinal e fossa iliaca a direita, constatou-se a associacao de doenca de Hodgkin, tipo celularidade mista e paracoccidioidomicose. Avalia-se a importância destes relatos frente a expansao da infeccao pelo HIV e estima-se que mais casos venham a ser relatados em pacientes com AIDS, procedentes de areas endemicas desta micose. Propoe-se a inclusao da paracoccidioidomicose como infeccao oportunistica potencial em pacientes HIV positivos nestas areas.We present two cases of paracoccidioidomycosis, one occurring in an AIDS patient and the other in an HIV infected man. This is the first report of such association. The first patient, which was already followed for HIV infection (group IV-A) presented with high fever and hepatosplenomegaly. Plain X-ray, ultrasound and CT-scan of the abdomen showed solid nodules in the spleen, some of them with calcification. Both the direct smear and the culture of a bone marrow aspiration revealed Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The patient died of acute disseminated Paracoccidioidomycosis. The second patient, a man anti-HIV seropositive presented with a mass on the right lower abdomen and inguinal region. A biopsy of the mass showed the association of Hodgkins disease of the mixed cellularity type and paracoccidioidomycosis. With the expanding AIDS epidemic we believe this report emphasizes the need to consider Paracoccidioidomycosis in HIV infected persons in countries where this mycosis is endemic. We also suggest the inclusion of Paracoccidioidomycosis as a potential opportunistic infection in these areas.We present two cases of paracoccidioidorrvycosis, one occurring in an AIDS patient and the other in an HIV infected man. This is the first report of such association. The first patient, which was already followed for HIV infection (group IV-A) presented with high fever and hepatosplenomegaly. Plain X-ray, ultrasound and CT-scan of the abdomen showed solid nodules in the spleen, some of them with calcification. Both the direct smear and the culture of a bone marrow aspiration revealed Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The patient died of acute disseminated Paracoccidioidomycosis. The second patient, a man anti-HIV seropositive presented with a mass on the right lower abdomen and inguinal region. A biopsy of the mass showed the association of Hodgkins disease of the mixed cellularity type and paracoccidioidomycosis. With the expanding AIDS epidemic we believe this report emphasizes the need to consider Paracoccidioidomycosis in HIV infected persons in countries where this mycosis is endemic. We also suggest the inclusion of Paracoccidioidomycosis as a potential opportunistic infection in these areas.

Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Chaetomium globosum in an allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipient.

Bone marrow transplant recipients are highly susceptible to opportunistic fungal infections. This is the report, of the first case of a Chaetomium systemic infection described in Brazil. A 34 year-old patient with chronic myeloid leukemia underwent an allogeneic sibling matched bone marrow transplant. Seven months later, he developed systemic infection with enlargement of the axillary and cervical lymph nodes. Culture of the aspirates from both lymph nodes yielded Chaetomium globosum. The infection was successfully treated with amphotericin B. The increasing population of immunosupressed patients requires a careful microbiologic investigation for uncommon fungal infections.

Evolução fatal da co-infecção doença de Chagas/Aids: dificuldades diagnósticas entre a reagudização da miocardite e a miocardiopatia chagásica crônica

Chagas disease is a type of parasitosis caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, and it is transmitted by triatomine insects. This disease is found between the southern United States to Argentina and approximately 14 million people in Latin America are believed to be infected, predominantly with the chronic form of the disease. Reactivation of Chagas disease can occur among immunosuppressed patients, as has been observed among AIDS patients. In one such case, we observed cardiac decompensation with severe ventricular dysfunction and arrhythmias. This case was thought to be reactivation of Chagas disease in the myocardium, since the xenodiagnosis was positive. Specific treatment for Trypanosoma cruzi was administered, consisting of benznidazole, but the course of treatment was not completed because the patient died due to cardiopathic complications. The necropsy showed the usual stigmas of chronic Chagas cardiopathy, such as fibrosing myocarditis and a decreased number of neurons in the digestive system. There were no amastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi in any of the tissue samples studied. Therefore, reactivation of Chagas disease was not demonstrated but, rather, the natural evolution of chronic Chagas cardiopathy was demonstrated.

Nasal MRSA colonization of AIDS patients cared for in a Brazilian university hospital

Weekly culture surveillance was conducted over a 2-year period to determine the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients cared for in a day-care unit and in an infectious diseases unit. Analysis of genomic DNA profiles showed a predominant pattern in both units.

Aetiological treatment with itraconazole or ketoconazole in individuals with Trypanosoma cruzi/HIV co-infection

Abstract Two Brazilian cases of Trypanosoma cruzi/HIV co-infection have recently been treated with azole derivatives. Benznidazole, the drug generally used for the treatment of Chagas disease, was initially used in one case but discontinued because of an adverse effect (retrobulbar neuritis) and replaced by itraconazole. The other case had oesophageal candidiasis, which was treated with ketoconazole, a drug that had already been shown to be effective in the treatment of Chagas disease. Since the medications were effective in reducing the T. cruzi parasitaemia in both patients, they probably helped prevent the severe morbidity sometimes associated with Chagas disease, although the HIV infections still proved fatal in both cases.

Evaluation of Fusarium solani Hyphae and Conidia Susceptibility to Amphotericin B and Itraconazole: Study of a Clinical Case

Fusarium species are hyaline moulds belonging to the hyalohyphomycosis group that are usually found in the soil and plants. This organism has emerged as a cause of disseminated invasive disease. The correlation between in vitro value and clinical efficacy is low and many patients remain unresponsive to treatment despite in vitro susceptibility. We determined growth control for Fusarium solani using the BioCell-Tracer® system that measures the growth rate of a single fungal hypha, and the effect of different concentrations of amphotericin B and itraconazole. The MIC for these two drugs was also determined by a broth microdilution technique, using RPMI 1640. Different MICs for amphotericin B were obtained by the two different methods. This paper describes a case of infection due to Fusarium solani in an allogeneic bone marrow transplanted patient, the microbiological diagnostic, antifungal susceptibility tests for conidia and hypha and clinical correlation.

Treatment of human papillomavirus with peg-interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin

We reported one case of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus co-infected patient who presented a significant improvement of human papillomavirus (HPV) lesions during the treatment of chronic hepatitis using peg-interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin.

Conhecimento e adesão às precauções padrão: Estudantes diante dos riscos biológicos no Brasil e na Colômbia

Objective To assess scales of adherence to universal precautions and means of knowledge transmission among healthcare students in Brazil and Colombia. Methods We conducted a pilot study to validate the questionnaire that started a cohort study. Twenty-six students in Colombia and 25 in Brazil were intentionally selected. The participants were comparable in number and sociodemographic characteristics in both countries and studied the health professions (medicine, nursing and dentistry). The program SPSS version 18.0 was used to create the database and to carry out statistical analysis. Results We evaluated a total of 51 students. They had a a mean (SD) age of 21.78 (2.33), 84.3 % were women, 66.7 % had white skin, 47.1 % were medical students, and 70,6 % were in their 4th year. They answered about sexual habits reporting that 45.1 had only one partner% in the last year, 23.5 % did not use protection, and, of those who were protected, 45.1 % used a condom. The mean knowledge was 10.88 (±0.952) points to an expected 9 points; Cronbachs Alpha (α) was 0.823. The mean adherence to universal precautions (UPs) was 33.69 (±3.36) points to an expected 30.75; α was 0.741. We found a significant difference in knowledge levels (p<0.007) between the two countries and in the adherence to PUs by year of study (p<0.001). Conclusions Knowledge about means of transmission was good. Adherence to universal precautions was acceptable, but low in terms of the use of glasses, face masks, and discarding sharp objects. Dentistry students showed the best adherence.

Efeito adverso do uso intermitente de rifampicina para tratamento de hanseníase

The authors present a case of acute renal failure, acute hemolysis and thrombocytopenia due to intermittent use of Rifampin for leprosy. These adverse reactions have rarely been discribed in the medical literature. During follow up there was recovery of renal function and complete remission of the hematological alterations. To our knowledge, this has been the first report of such adverse effects of Rifampin during leprosy therapy in Brazil. Pathogenetic aspects are discussed and current literature is reviewed.Os autores apresentam um caso de insuficiencia renal aguda, hemolise aguda e trombocitopenia relacionada ao uso intermitente de Rifampicina para tratamento da Hanseniase. Estas reacoes adversas sao observadas com extrema raridade na literatura mundial. A evolucao da paciente foi benigna havendo recuperacao total da funcao renal e regressao completa das alteracoes hematologicas. Este foi o primeiro registro no Brasil dos efeitos adversos da Rifampicina no tratamento de Hanseniase. Sao discutidos os principais aspectos patogenicos das alteracoes apresentadas e fez-se revisao da literatura existente sobre o assunto.