Françoise Breton

Challenges and difficulties in assessing the environmental status under the requirements of the Ecosystem Approach in North African countries, illustrated by eutrophication assessment

Marine ecosystems provide many ecosystem goods and services. However, these ecosystems and the benefits they create for humans are subject to competing uses and increasing pressures. As a consequence of the increasing threats to the marine environment, several regulations require applying an ecosystem-based approach for managing the marine environment. Within the Mediterranean Sea, in 2008, the Contracting Parties of the Mediterranean Action Plan decided to progressively apply the Ecosystem Approach (EcAp) with the objective of achieving Good Environmental Status (GES) for 2018. To assess the environmental status, the EcAp proposes 11 Ecological Objectives, each of which requires a set of relevant indicators to be integrated. Progress towards the EcAp entails a gradual and important challenge for North African countries, and efforts have to be initiated to propose and discuss methods. Accordingly, to enhance the capacity of North African countries to implement EcAp and particularly to propose and discuss indicators and methods to assess GES, the aim of this manuscript is to identify the practical problems and gaps found at each stage of the environmental status assessment process. For this purpose, a stepwise method has been proposed to assess the environmental status using Ecologic Objective 5-Eutrophication as example.

Toward a redefinition of resources and hazards in coastal management: Examples from the lowland coastal areas of Catalonia, Spain

Coastal planning and management are experiencing a number of changes that point toward a major shift in emphasis from development to conservation. In this process, natural environments and processes traditionally perceived as hazardous to human occupation will be redefined in terms of being resources to protect for the benefit of present and future generations. This process, however, is neither universal nor conflict free because development pressures maintain their strength in many parts of the world. This article examines the current situation of four lowland coastal areas located in Catalonia, Spain. The transition from development to conservation, and its reflection in planning and management practices is examined for each case in light of the social appraisal of coastal environments and processes as either resources or hazards. We conclude that this appraisal depends strongly on the historical trajectory of each area, the effectiveness of new legal and planning instruments, and the political will of ...