Frank B. Martin

Acid rain: ionic correlations in the eastern United States, 1980-1981

Hydrogen ions in precipitation are correlated much more closely with sulfate than with nitrate, whereas ammonium ions are correlated more closely with nitrate than with sulfate. Target loadings of 14 to 16 kilograms of wet sulfate deposition per hectare per year, instead of 20 as suggested hitherto, are probably necessary to produce average pH values of 4.6 to 4.7, the approximate boundary levels for damage to aquatic ecosystems. Cluster analysis reveals that there are three linked groups of ions related to air pollution, agriculture, and sea spray.

A Model for Quadrat Sampling with “Visibility Bias”

Abstract In aerial census data “visibility bias” is present because of the failure to observe some animals. A model is presented for quadrat sampling of randomly occurring groups whose size follows a single parameter power series distribution when there is a probability q > 0 of missing single animals. Maximum likelihood estimates of group density, average group size, and the visibility bias parameter, q, are presented. Examples with moose census data are worked out.

Effects of Bacterial Coinfection on the Pathogenesis of Avian Pneumovirus Infection in Turkeys

Abstract Four- and nine-week-old poults were inoculated with cell culture propagated avian pneumovirus (APV) into each conjunctival space and nostril, followed by inoculation 3 days later with Escherichia coli, Bordetella avium (BA), or Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale or a mixture of all three (EBO). Clinical signs were evaluated on days 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 14 postinoculation (PI) of APV. The poults were euthanatized on days 2, 4, 6, 10, and 14 PI, and blood and tissues were collected. The poults that received APV followed by EBO or BA alone developed more severe clinical signs related to nasal discharge and swelling of intraorbital sinuses than did poults inoculated with APV alone or bacteria alone. More severe pathologic changes were found in poults inoculated with APV+BA that extended to the air sacs and lungs, particularly in 9-wk-old poults. Bordetella avium was recovered from tracheas and lungs of birds that were inoculated with APV followed by EBO or BA alone. APV was detected by immunohistochemical staining in the upper respiratory tract longer in the groups of poults inoculated with APV and pathogenic bacteria than in those that received only APV, particularly when BA was involved. Viral antigen was also detected in the lungs of poults that were inoculated with APV followed by administration of EBO or BA alone. Loss of cilia on the epithelial surface of the upper respiratory tract was associated with BA infection and may enhance infection with APV, allowing deeper penetration of the virus into the respiratory tract.

Comparison of behavioral and physiological responses of dogs wearing two different types of collars

Physiological and behavioral responses of dogs while wearing two different types of collars were compared: a traditional buckle nylon neck collar, and a newly developed nylon head collar. Before and following tests of obedience training and restraint, measurements were made of blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and pupillary dilation to compare quantitative and qualitative measures of behavior during physiological measurements and during the tests of responses to training. Plasma ACTH and cortisol levels were measured at the conclusion of testing. Results indicated no significant differences in the physiological responses to the two types of collars. There was a trend for physiological responses to diminish during the course of the testing with both collars which indicated a physiological accommodation to handling and training. Evaluation of behavioral responses indicated that during testing dogs were more unruly and disobedient and pulled on the leash while wearing traditional neck collars, but pawed at their noses more and watched the handler less while wearing head collars. The dogs more frequently lowered their heads and ears when wearing the head collar. Owners of dogs wearing head collars may be interested to know that their dogs are not physiologically stressed when the collars are initially applied, despite nose pawing. q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Continued diminished prevalence of the Lucke renal adenocarcinoma in Minnesota leopard frogs

No Luck? renal adenocarcinomas were detected at autopsy of 1216 northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) collected in Minnesota during the spring and autumn of 1978 and the spring of 1979, seasons in which the tumor was formerly obtained with a high frequency. The prevalence of renal tumors has been declining in Minnesota since at least 1966, and R. pipiens has become progressively scarce in Minnesota since that time. We suggest a causal relationship between reduced frog populations and decreased tumor prevalence.

Galactocerebrosidase activity in canine globoid leukodystrophy

In an investigation of canine globoid leukodystrophy, cerebroside β-galactosidase activities were assayed in 24 brains from neonatal and older dogs and in 90 canine leukocyte pellets from nine samplings. The neonatal brains had significantly less enzyme activity than the brains of older dogs, which indicates a potential complication in making neonatal and fetal enzymatic diagnoses. For leukocytes, heterozygous activities averaged 51 percent and globoid leukodystrophy activities 18 percent of mean enzyme activity of normal leukocytes. Variability of leukocyte enzyme activities among the nine samplings was large, but within each sample, variability per genotypic category was moderate. A statistical model was developed to facilitate enzyme diagnosis in the dog and, by implication, in human globoid leukodystrophy and other sphingolipidoses.

Vaccination of Turkeys with an Avian Pneumovirus Isolate from the United States

Four-week-old poults obtained from avian pneumovirus (APV) antibody-free parents were vaccinated with different serial 10-fold dilutions of cell culture-propagated APV vaccine. The birds were vaccinated with 50 microl into each conjunctival space and nostril (total of 200 microl). Each poult of each group was vaccinated in groups that received doses of 4 x 10(4), 4 x 10(3), 4 x 10(2), 4 x 10(1), or 4 x 10(0) 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) of APV vaccine, respectively. Respiratory signs were seen between 3 and 12 days postvaccination (PV) in the poults that were vaccinated with 4 x 10(4), 4 x 10(3), and 4 x 10(2) TCID50, respectively. In these groups, APV was detected from swabs collected at 5 days PV and seroconversion was detected at 2 wk PV. The groups that were originally vaccinated with 4 x 10(1) and 4 x 10(0) TCID50 developed mild clinical signs after vaccination, but neither virus nor antibody was detected PV. At 2 wk PV (6 wk of age), birds from each group, along with five unvaccinated controls, were challenged with APV. Upon challenge, the 4 x 10(4) and 4 x 10(3) TCID50 groups were protected against development of clinical signs and were resistant to reinfection. The group previously vaccinated with 4 x 10(2) TCID50 developed clinical signs after challenge that were considerably milder than those seen in the groups that had previously been vaccinated with lower doses or no virus. Even though 4 x 10(2) TCID50 vaccine dose administered by intranasal ocular route resulted in infection, incomplete protection resulted with this pivotal dose. Upon challenge, the 4 x 10(1) and 4 x 10(0) TCID50 groups exhibited milder disease signs than those seen in the challenged unvaccinated controls. In these groups, APV was detected in preparations of swabs collected at 5 days postchallenge (PC) and seroconversion was detected at 2 wk PC. These results indicate that the dose of APV vaccine that causes protection is higher than that required to produce infection.

Weight Loss and the Resulting Fit and Size Change of Ready‐ to‐Wear for American Women

The body dimensions of 85 female members of a weight loss salon who had lost 4-20 pounds were compared to PS 42–70, Body Measurements for the Sizing of Womens Patterns and Apparel (U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1971) standard size dimensions before and after weight loss. The subjects were classified into fat pattern types to determine any differences occurring in patterns of dimensional change at specific body sites. A relation appeared to exist between a sub jects fat pattern type and dimensional change at body sites. Weight loss does not guarantee im provement in the fit of ready-to-wear. The majority of women in this study would have difficulty finding a fit in ready-to-wear apparel sized with PS 42–70 either before or after weight loss.