Frank H. Haramoto

Biological Control of Pamakani, Eupatorium Adenophorum, in Hawaii by a Tephritid Gall Fly, Procecidochares Utilis. 2. Population Studies of the Weed, the Fly, and the Parasites of the Fly

Procecidochares uttilis Stone, a tephritid gall fly introduced into Hawaii in 1945 to combat Eupatorium adenophorutr (Spreng.), a rangeland weed, has been highly successful in the control of this plant in some localities but has exerted little control in others. Detailed studies on the progress of the fly, its effects on the plant, and the parasites of the fly were made during 1949 to 1957. The history of the plant in Hawaii, the biology of the fly, its effects on the plant, and the benefits derived from the fly have been treated in a recent paper (Bess and Haramoto 1958). The present paper is concerned with population studies of the weed, the fly, and the parasites of the fly in different localities and seasons, esl)ecially on the island of Maui.