Frank James Tester

Tammarniit (Mistakes): Inuit Relocation in the Eastern Arctic, 1939-63.

Preface Introduction 1. Are Inuit Indians?: Relief, Jurisdiction, and Government Responsibility 2. Social Welfare and Social Crisis in the Eastern Arctic 3. Planning for Relocation in the Eastern Arctic 4. Recolonizing the Arctic Islands: The 1953 Relocations to Resolute Bay and Craig Harbour 5. The Ennadai Lake Relocations, 1950-60 6. The Garry Lake Famine 7. The Whale Cove Relocation 8. Relocation and Responsibility, 1955-63 Notes Bibliography Index

Culture as a problem in linking material inequality to health: on residential crowding in the Arctic.

Two problems are noted in the process of measuring material inequality and linking it to health across cultural boundaries. First, comparative measurements may be used as the basis for policy making, which ends up disciplining cultural minorities. In this way, policies intended to relieve disparities can actually have the effect of extending the power of the dominant group to define appropriate cultural understanding of the world for the minority group. Second, comparative measurements may inaccurately inform theories of how inequality works to influence health and well-being. To the extent that culture mediates the relationship between inequality and outcomes of interest to researchers, those ignoring cultural differences will fail to adequately assess the impact and significance of material inequality. In this paper we discuss and illustrate these problems with reference to the study and measurement of overcrowding and its effects on health and well-being for Inuit communities in Nunavut, Canada.

Charity Development in China An Overview

While benefiting from the wealth generated by economic reform, China has also faced increasing social and environmental problems. With the restructuring of state enterprises, the previous occupational-based welfare system has been abolished. To decentralize the states role in social protection while tackling social problems, the Chinese government has tried to experiment with different social measures to diversify welfare financing and provisions. Included in the social experiments are non-governmental organizations and charities. This paper provides a critical analysis of the social context of China since its economic reform, which, we argue, paves the way for the current development of NGOs and charities. This overview of current development of NGOs and charities in China also highlights existing structural problems.

Art and disarmament: turning arms into ploughshares in Mozambique

Following the Renamo/Frelimo conflict and the 1992 Rome Accord ending hostilities, the Christian Council of Mozambique undertook to remove arms from the civilian population by trading them for development tools. The weapons were given to artists associated with a collective in the capital, Maputo. The weapons were cut into pieces and converted to sculptures that subsequently focused international attention on the Tools for Arms project, or TAE (Transformação de Armas em Enxadas). While succeeding in drawing attention to the proliferation of arms among civilians, and collecting a considerable number of arms and munitions, the project encountered difficulties in relating the production of art to the overall initiative. This paper examines the aspect of the project that produced art from weapons, with insights and observations based on fieldwork conducted for CUSO and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA).

The Contradiction of Helping: Inuit Oppression(s) and Social Work in Nunavut

Significant differences in privilege, material resources, and decision-making power exist between Inuit and Qallunaat (or non-Inuit) in Canada’s Nunavut Territory. Holding serious implications, the disproportionate advantages afforded Qallunaat require an examination of the relationship between social work and the State (as employer). The role of credentialism and professionalism in the maintenance of neocolonial relations reveals a professional paradox and a barrier to pursing the objective of social justice within the profession. The transition experienced by Inuit—from a predominantly hunting culture to the logic of industrial capitalism—necessitates an examination of the role Qallunaat social workers have played and continue to practice within this transition and in the institutional structures that protect their interests.

Echoes from a Frozen Land, by Donald Marsh

navy toward the end of the 18th century and in the early 19th. Useful is his discussion of errors introduced by Kruzenshtern, especially as they relate to the status of Sakhalin as an island (it so appeared on all earlier Russian charts) due to Kruzenshtern’s overreliance on data provided by Western navigators, specifically in this matter by Laperouse. In this connection, Alekseev treats in this and the next chapter later hydrographic work in the Amur region by Nevelskoi and his successors in the 1850s and 1860s. Of interest are the data he provides on the extremely rare atlas compiled by the native Alaskan officer and explorer A.F. Kashevarov. To my knowledge, no copy of this atlas is available in the West and therefore I repeat here Alekseev’s description. The atlas, begun in 1846 in the Hydrographic Department of the Russian navy, covers the area between 35” and 69”N latitude and 120-125” longitude, that is the Sea of Okhotsk, the Bering Sea and part of the northwest coast of America. There are a total of ten charts, plus six charts representing approaches to various ports, from San Francisco to Honolulu to Petropavlovsk on Kamchatka. In chapter nine the author discusses the development of technologies of the late 19th century that permitted the conduct of hydrographic work at a new level of accuracy. He covers here the Russian hydrographic work not only in the areas discussed previously but also in the Sea of Japan. He also cites rare hydrographic publications, such as the lotsiia of the “Northwestern Part of the Eastern Ocean,” which included sailing directions for the Bering Sea shores (from Point Barrow), both eastern and western, St. Lawrence Island, Herald and Wrangell islands, St. Matthew Island, Nunivak Island, and Pribilof, Aleutian and Commander islands. This lotsiia was part of a four-volume series, published between 1902-10, that covered the Korean coasts, the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk, in addition to the Bering Sea. The tenth chapter deals with systematic early 20th-century hydrographic work along the Great Northern Sea Route (the polar coasts of Russia), and in the eleventh and concluding chapter he deals with the refinements of the determination of the coastal features from Sakhalin and Ussuri region in the Soviet Primor’e to the Wrangell Island, finishing with the discussion of the lotsiias published in Vladivostok in 1923. The data on the history of the hydrographic work at Wrangell and other islands off the Siberian coast should be of interest to those who are following the controversy that refuses to die about the validity of the Russian claim to this island. It was claimed at one time by Canada and is being claimed by some private interests today as United States territory. The book, a scholarly contribution and the result of many years of painstaking research, is written, as is Alekseev’s wont, in a style that makes it accessible to an average educated reader. One only wishes that more scholars followed his example in this regard. The list of Alekseev’s contributions to the study of exploration and cartography of the North Pacific is extensive, and a selected list of references is given below: Brat’ia Shmalevy (Brothers Shmalev, Magadan, 1958); Okhotsk -kolybel’ Russkogo Tikhookeanskogo ji’ota (Okhotskthe cradle of the Russian Pacific Navy, Khabarovsk, 1958); Admiral Nagaev (Magadan, 1959); Uchenyi Chukcha Nikolai Daurkin (The learned Chukcha Nikolai Daurkin, Magadan, 1961); Russkaia gidrograficheskaia nauka v XVIII veke (Russian hydrographic science in the 18th century, in Trudy instituta istorii, estestvoznaniia i tekhniki, Vol. 37(2), Moscow, 1961); Issledovanie morei omyvaiushchikh Rossiiu (Investigation of the seas which wash the shores of Russia, in Russkie okeanicheskie issledovaniia v XIXnachale X X v., Esakov et al., editors, Moscow, 1964); Karta iuzhnogo Sakhalina (The chart of Southern Sakhalin, in Priroda 1966, Vol. 2); Kolumby Rossiiskie (The Russian Columbuses, Magadan, 1966); Fedor Petrovich Litke (Moscow, 1970); Gavriil Andreevich Sarychev (Moscow, 1966); Syny otvazhnye Rossii (Russia’s intrepid sons, Magadan, 1970); Amurskaia ekspeditsiia 1849-1855 g. (The Amur Expedition 1849-1855, Moscow, 1974); Del0 vseizhizni (Entire life’s RbVIEWS / 77