Frank L. Horsfall

Characterization and Separation of an Inhibitor of Viral Hemagglutination Present in Urine

Summary Normal human urine contains a highly active inhibitor of viral hemagglutination, effective against PR8, Lee, FM1, swine, mumps, NDV, and GDVII viruses but inactive against PVM. The inhibitor concentration may approach 2 mg%. Considerable amounts of purified material, active at 0.0001 μg/cc, can be obtained readily. The activity of the inhibitor as it occurs in urine is inversely related to the salt concentration; it should be emphasized that in NaCl solutions of moderate strength it precipitates.

Lethal Infection with Coxsackie Virus of Adult Mice Given Cortisone

Summary 1. Adult mice, ordinarily insusceptible to Coxsackie virus infection, may be lethally infected if preliminarily administered cortisone. 2. Multiplication, serial passage, and specific neutralization of Coxsackie virus in adult mice have been demonstrated. 3. Recovery of Coxsackie virus from a human source has been accomplished in adult mice.

Complement Fixation with Dissimilar Antigens in Primary Atypical Pneumonia

In complement-fixation tests with sera from patients with primary atypical pneumonia of unknown etiology, it was found unexpectedly that the convalescent serum from a number of patients reacted positively in high dilution with various and apparently unrelated antigens. Since this peculiar and as yet unexplained property can lead to difficulty in the interpretation of the results of complement-fixation tests with sera obtained from patients with this clinical syndrome the phenomenon has been studied. Materials and Methods. Specimens of serum were obtained from patients acutely ill with primary atypical pneumonia in the Rockefeller Hospital. Additional specimens of serum were obtained from these patients throughout the course of the illness and during convalescence. The sera were stored at 4°C. Mouse lung antigens. Antigens were prepared from the lungs of normal albino Swiss mice and from the lungs of similar mice which had been infected with one or another of the following viruses: a. pneumonia virus of mice, Horsfall and Hahn; 1 b. influenza A virus, PR8 strain; c. cat pneumonitis virus, Baker; 2 and d. meningo-pneumonitis virus. 3 Mice infected with agents a, b, and d were killed usually on the fifth day after intranasal inoculation, while mice infected with agent c were killed on the second day. The lungs were removed aseptically, ground with abrasive and suspended in a final concentration of 2% by wet weight in 0.85% NaCl buffered at pH 7.2. The suspension was centrifuged at 1500 RPM for 10 minutes and the supernate withdrawn and used as antigen. When parallel tests were done with different antigens they were all prepared on the same day from mouse lungs which either had been freshly removed or stored as intact specimens at −70°C for some days. Other tissue antigens. Antigens were prepared also in a manner identical with that described above from the following individual normal tissues: mouse liver. mouse spleen, rabbit lung, rabbit liver, rabbit spleen, rabbit kidney, guinea pig lung, hooded rat lung.

Increased Virus in Eggs Injected with Cortisone

Summary The concentration of Lee, PR8, or mumps virus in the allantoic fluid of eggs injected with cortisone acetate is significantly greater than the concentration of these agents in the allantoic fluid of control eggs.

A Pneumonia Virus of Swiss Mice

A virus capable of inducing fatal pneumonia in Swiss mice has been isolated from normal mouse lungs, and its immunological characteristics are now being studied in detail. Twenty-one groups of normal Swiss mice were inoculated intra-nasally under ether anesthesia with 0.05 cc of lung-suspensions from uninoculated mice. Serial mouse-passage was carried on with each group, using 10% to 30% lung-suspensions. Passages were made at an average interval of 7 days; usually 6 mice were used in each group. The mice were obtained from 6 different breeders. Initially, passages were made without regard to the breeder from whom the mice had been obtained. Lately, however, passages have been made in mice from each individual breeder in order to determine the source of the virus. Definite areas of pulmonary consolidation were present in 43% of the groups in the third serial passage, and in 52% of the groups at the sixth passage. Death occurred as early as the fourth passage, and by the sixth passage deaths were recorded in 24% of the groups. Cultures of the mouse-lung suspensions were made routinely and were sterile in a great majority of instances. Rabbits were injected intraäbdominally with virus-containing material from various passages. They were bled before injection and again 8 to 10 days afterwards. Their serum was tested for the presence of antibodies capable of neutralizing the various strains of virus in the manner described by Magill and Francis. 1 Fatal pneumonia was caused by 0.05 cc of a 10−3 to 10−4 dilution of infected mouse lung, and definite pulmonary consolidation was produced by 10−5 to 10−6 dilutions. The virus was filtrable through Berkefeld V and N candles, passed through graded collodion membranes 2 with an APD of 300 mμ and was retained by a Seitz filter.

VIRAL AND RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS OF MAN

Viral and rickettsial infections of man , Viral and rickettsial infections of man , کتابخانه دیجیتالی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات درمانی شهید بهشتی

STUDIES ON A NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS ISOLATED FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT OF HUMAN BEINGS

The results of studies on the immunological relationship between streptococcus MG and Streptococcus salivarius type I are described. Evidence is presented to show that Streptococcus salivarius type I, like streptococcus MG, possesses a capsular polysaccharide antigen. Similarities in the capsular polysaccharides of these two different species of non-hemolytic streptococci appear to be responsible for their immunological relationship.

A New Count of Allantoic Cells of the 10-Day Chick Embryo

Summary 1. The mean number of allantoic cells per square centimeter of the allantoic membrane in 10-day embryonated chicken eggs has been estimated by direct counting with the phase contrast microscope. 2. In the chronic (CA) portion of the allantoic membrane there were 1.66 × 105, and in the amnion-yolk sac (AYA) portion 3.00 × 105 allantoic cells per cm2. 3. The total area of the allantoic membrane was measured directly. The area of the CA portion was 57.9 cm2, that of the AYA portion was 29.1 cm2, and that of the entire membrane was 87.0 cm2. 4. The number of cells lining the allantoic cavity of the 10-day chick embryo was estimated to be 1.8 × 107.

Hemagglutination with the GDVII Strain of Mouse Encephalomyelitis Virus

Summary Suspensions of mouse brain infected with the GDVII strain of mouse encephalomyelitis virus cause agglutination of human Group O RBC at 4°C. Anti-GDVII virus serum inhibits hemagglutination by the agent as also does anti-FA virus serum. GDVII virus is adsorbed by human RBC at 4°C and rapidly elutes from them at 37°C. Three strains of poliomyelitis virus failed to show any evidence of hemagglutination.

Inhibition of Mumps Virus Multiplication by a Polysaccharide

Summary The capsular polysaccharide of type B. Friedländer bacillus inhibits the multiplication of mumps virus in the chick embryo and prevents adsorption of the virus by treated erythrocytes.