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Dive into the research topics where Frank Schuhmacher is active.

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Featured researches published by Frank Schuhmacher.


International Journal of Game Theory | 1999

Proper rationalizability and backward induction

Frank Schuhmacher

Abstract. This paper introduces a new normal form rationalizability concept, which in reduced normal form games corresponding to generic finite extensive games of perfect information yields the unique backward induction outcome. The basic assumption is that every player trembles “more or less rationally” as in the definition of a ε-proper equilibrium by Myerson (1978). In the same way that proper equilibrium refines Nash and perfect equilibrium, our model strengthens the normal form rationalizability concepts by Bernheim (1984), Börgers (1994) and Pearce (1984). Common knowledge of trembling implies the iterated elimination of strategies that are strictly dominated at an information set. The elimination process starts at the end of the game tree and goes backwards to the beginning.


Financial Analysts Journal | 2015

Liquid Betting against Beta in Dow Jones Industrial Average Stocks

Benjamin Auer; Frank Schuhmacher

The authors considered liquidity and transaction costs in the practical implementation of betting against beta (BAB) strategies. Using the 30 highly liquid stocks of the Dow Jones Industrial Average over 1926–2013, they analyzed whether the beta anomaly exists and, if so, whether it can be exploited within that universe. With respect to its existence, they found strong evidence of an inverse risk–return relationship. With respect to its exploitability, they found that pure BAB trading portfolios and mixed portfolios (combinations of the pure portfolios and the S&P 500 Index) generate significant abnormal returns that cannot be explained by standard asset-pricing factors. Their results hold both before and after transaction costs and are robust in various settings. The beta anomaly can be considered a persistent anomaly in finance because it has been documented worldwide and is based on solid theory. A recent study, however, argues that the trading efficacy of betting against beta (BAB) strategies may be limited because of illiquidity barriers. To investigate this issue, we explicitly considered liquidity and the role of transaction costs in the practical implementation of BAB strategies. Using the 30 highly liquid stocks of the Dow Jones Industrial Average over 1926–2013, we analyzed whether the anomaly exists and, if so, whether it can be exploited within that universe. With regard to its existence, we found strong evidence of an inverse risk–return relationship. Our results concerning its exploitability reveal that BAB trading portfolios generate significant abnormal returns that cannot be explained by the standard asset-pricing factors of size, book-to-market, and momentum. For example, a portfolio that is long in the 15 stocks with the lowest betas and short in the 15 stocks with the highest betas has historically had a monthly Sharpe ratio of 0.086 after transaction costs. Also, combining this portfolio with the S&P 500 Index increases the monthly Sharpe ratio from 0.089 (for the S&P 500 alone) to 0.146 (for the optimal mix) after transaction costs. Editor’s note: The authors may have a commercial interest in the topics discussed in this article. Editor’s note: This article was reviewed and accepted by Executive Editor Robert Litterman.


European Journal of Operational Research | 2014

Sufficient conditions under which SSD- and MR-efficient sets are identical

Frank Schuhmacher; Benjamin Auer

Three approaches are commonly used for analyzing decisions under uncertainty: expected utility (EU), second-degree stochastic dominance (SSD), and mean-risk (MR) models, with the mean–standard deviation (MS) being the best-known MR model. Because MR models generally lead to different efficient sets and thus are a continuing source of controversy, the specific concern of this article is not to suggest another MR model. Instead, we show that the SSD- and MR-efficient sets are identical, as long as (a) the risk measure satisfies both positive homogeneity and consistency with respect to the Rothschild and Stiglitz (1970) definition(s) of increasing risk and (b) the choice set includes the riskless asset and satisfies a generalized location and scale property, which can be interpreted as a market model. Under these conditions, there is no controversy among MR models and they all have a decision-theoretic foundation. They also offer a convenient way to compare the estimation error related to the empirical implementation of different MR models.


A Quarterly Journal of Operations Research | 2006

Performance Measurement of Hedge Fund Indices - Does the Measure Matter?

Martin Eling; Frank Schuhmacher

It does not matter too much which performance measure one chooses to evaluate hedge funds. Because the newer performance measurement approaches result in rankings that are the same and thus result in the same assessments of hedge funds, use of the classic Sharpe ratio (even if it displays some undesirable features) is justified, at least from a practical perspective.


Social Science Research Network | 2002

Capacity-Price-Competition and Financial Structure

Frank Schuhmacher

It is known that the Cournot model of quantity competition has to be interpreted as the reduced form of a more complex situation, in which firms can commit to capacity levels prior to setting prices. I show that the optimal strategic debt choice of capacity-price competitors depend on the type of uncertainty that exists in the oligopoly market. The main contribution of the paper is to illustrate a result that is opposite of the Cournot outcome in Brander and Lewis (1986) and the Bertrand result in Showalter (1995): in the case of capacity-price competition where the demand conditions are uncertain, firms will use no debt despite the fact that both Bertrand firms and Cournot firms facing uncertain demand conditions choose positive debt levels.


Quantitative Finance | 2014

When all risk-adjusted performance measures are the same: in praise of the Sharpe ratio ‒ a comment

Frank Schuhmacher; Wolfgang Breuer

Chen et al. [Quant. Finance, 2011, 11, 1439–1447] prove that 11 specific reward-to-risk performance measures are all monotonic transformations of the Sharpe ratio, when the underlying random returns of assets to be combined are multivariate elliptically distributed. Schuhmacher and Eling [J. Bank. Financ., 2012, 36, 2077–2082] show that any so-called ‘admissible’ performance measure is a strictly increasing function in the Sharpe ratio, when the underlying distributions of a given set of portfolio alternatives satisfy the location and scale property. We conclude that both these results are linked to each other by the findings of Owen and Rabinovitch [J. Financ., 1983, 38, 745–752]. Therefore, the findings of Chen et al. [Quant. Finance, 2011, 11, 1439–1447] can be extended to the whole class of admissible performance measures.


Schmalenbachs Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung | 2001

Verhandlungssichere Finanzierungsverträge im Dyopol

Frank Schuhmacher

SummaryIn a Cournot duopoly with perfect information, the choice of a bank loan commitment with observable terms allows an entrepreneur to adopt an aggressive stance on the product market and to increase his market share and profit. Such an approach, however, becomes problematic exactly then when entrepreneur and bank are able to enter into new loan commitments by way of secret renegotiations. The reason for this is that if the entrepreneur anticipates that it is optimal to cancel secretely earlier bank loan commitments, he will ex ante not be motivated to finalise a loan commitment with observable terms. On the other hand, the entrepreneur may obtain private information on future market demand before the start of secret renegotiations. His behaviour would then signalise to the bank the value of the bank loan commitment. It can be seen that, in an optimum situation, the entrepreneur will secretely cancel only one part of the existing bank loan commitment by way of renegotiations, thus preserving its positive strategic effect.


WiSt - Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium | 2014

Mögliche Missverständnisse beim Umgang mit der Normalverteilung

Frank Schuhmacher; Benjamin Auer

In Forschung und Lehre ist es häufig so, dass jedem Wort einer Aussage oder Definition Bedeutung beizumessen ist und die Vernachlässigung einzelner Begriffe zu Fehlern und Missverständnissen führen kann. Neben der schlichten Präsentation einer Aussage ist es genau so wichtig, zu erklären, wie eine Aussage nicht verstanden werden darf bzw. welche alternativen (kompakteren) Formulierungen nicht zulässig sind.


Archive | 2004

Portfolioselektion und „Fehlbewertungen“: Arbitragetheorie

Wolfgang Breuer; Marc Gürtler; Frank Schuhmacher

Nachdem im Kapitel II erlautert worden ist, wie auf der Grundlage des Erwartungsnutzenprinzips unterschiedliche Investorpraferenzen durch die Voraussetzung verschiedener Nutzenfunktionen abgebildet werden konnen, soll in diesem Kapitel von den konkreten Risikopraferenzen der Marktteilnehmer abstrahiert und ausschlieslich die wenig einschrankende Annahme positiven Grenznutzens als Ausgangspunkt der Analyse gewahlt werden. Dies bedeutet, dass fur alle nachfolgenden Uberlegungen dieses Kapitels III die Pramisse genugt, dass Investoren mehr Geld ceteris paribus gegenuber weniger Geld vorziehen. Augenscheinlich handelt es sich hierbei um eine Praferenzannahme, deren Gultigkeit kaum in Zweifel gezogen werden kann. Insofern werden sich die Resultate des vorliegenden Kapitels als vergleichsweise robust erweisen. Neben besagter Praferenzannahme benotigt man lediglich noch die Voraussetzung eines vollkommenen Kapitalmarktes im Gleichgewicht. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird es konkret um die Herleitung von Preisbeziehungen zwischen den auf einem Kapitalmarkt gehandelten Wertpapieren gehen. Ferner wird dargelegt, welche Moglichkeiten sich fur die Portfolioselektion ergeben, wenn das entwickelte Preisgefuge (kurzfristig) nicht vorliegt. In diesem Zusammenhang dient der vorliegende Abschnitt 1 zur Prasentation der konzeptionellen Grundlagen, die den Ausgangspunkt fur die Betrachtung der nachfolgenden Abschnitte 2 und 3 dieses Kapitels bilden. Konkret werden im nachfolgenden Abschnitt 1.2 zunachst die Begriffe „Arbitragemoglichkeit“ und „Arbitragefreiheit” defmiert, und es wird das erforderliche Umfeld eines vollkommenen Kapitalmarkts im Gleichgewicht erlautert. Im Abschnitt 1.3 werden vor dem Hintergrund eines vollkommenen Kapitalmarkts im Gleichgewicht grundlegende Bewertungseigenschaften wie das „Gesetz des Einheitspreises“, die „Monotonie der Marktbewertung“ und die „Wertadditivitat“ hergeleitet. Abschnitt 1.4 fasst die wichtigsten Ergebnisse dieses einfuhrenden Abschnitts 1 zusammen.


Archive | 2004

Partialanalytische Ansätze der Portfolioselektion: Markowitz-Portfoliotheorie

Wolfgang Breuer; Marc Gürtler; Frank Schuhmacher

Im vorhergehenden Kapitel III wurden allgemeine Gleichgewichtsuberlegungen fur einen vollkommenen Kapitalmarkt angestellt, und es wurde versucht, die dadurch gewonnenen Erkenntnisse uber die Eigenschaften gleichgewichtiger Wertpapierpreise fur Zwecke des Portfoliomanagements einzusetzen. Konkret ging esum die Ausnutzung von Arbitragemoglichkeiten. Da diese aber im Gleichgewicht des vollkommenen Kapitalmarkts gerade nicht existent sind, musste man wenigstens von der Moglichkeit temporarer Ungleichgewichte ausgehen. Weil die Analysen selbst aber nur fur Gleichgewic htssituationen durchgefuhrt wurden, sind seriose Empfehlungen fur das Verhalten im Ungleichgewicht letztlich nicht herleitbar gewesen. In der Tat ist dies ein generelles konzeptionelles Problem von Gleichgewichtsbetrachtungen zu Zwecken des Portfoliomanagements. Im zweiten Band werden wir noch deutlicher erkennen, dass sich bei Vorliegen eines Kapitalmarktgleichgewichts die Frage nach der optimalen Titelselektion grundsatzlich in trivialer Weise beantworten lasst, wahrend fur Ungleichgewichtssituationen ohne zusatzliche Ad-hoc-Annahmen generell keine sinnvollen Verhaltensvorsehr iften entwickelt werden konnen.

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Martin Eling

University of St. Gallen

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