Fransiska Kaligis

Psychiatric morbidity among children in North Aceh district (Indonesia) exposed to the 26 December 2004 tsunami

Introduction: The aim of the study was to ascertain, using available data from the Bio‐psychosocial Program for children, psychiatric morbidity and specific diagnoses among youths in North Aceh in the year after the tsunami disaster.

Family responses to a child with schizophrenia: An Indonesian experience.

Indonesian culture puts a high value on family bonding. Therefore, support and encouragement for each family member is high that any problems are the responsibility of the whole family. This paper explores the implications of the phenomena whether is a schizophrenic child in the family affected the parental relationship in Indonesian family and trying to find out the implication of parental relationship on medication adherence. This was a cross-sectional study which involved 180 parents of children with schizophrenia and parents with aged matched non-schizophrenic children as a control group; consisting of 45 parents of children with schizophrenia and 135 parents of non-schizophrenic children. The parental relationship was examined by using the Indonesian version of Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale IV (Indonesian version of FACES IV). Our study revealed that 75.6% parents of children with schizophrenia experienced a healthy parental relationship compared to 94.80% in the parents of non-schizophrenic children group. The most prevalent of unhealthy relationship among parents of children with schizophrenia was chaotic disengagement. Parental adherence to give medication for their child with schizophrenia was better if they had a healthy parental relationship. In conclusion, a small number of Indonesian parents with schizophrenic children experienced an unhealthy parental relationship. Therefore, psycho-education and supportive psychotherapy still needed to facilitate those families to express their emotion adapt and cope.

Learning Difficulties and Working Memory Deficits among Primary School Students in Jakarta, Indonesia

Objective There are multiple possible etiologies for learning difficulties in children. There is growing evidence that many students identified as having learning difficulties have significant working memory deficits. To determine, in a sample of primary school students in Jakarta, Indonesia, the prevalence of learning difficulties and learning difficulties co-morbid with working memory deficits. Methods Subjects (N=423) were recruited via proportional random sampling from 27 primary schools. The first stage was a cross-sectional study of these students, while the second stage was a case-control study comparing all students with learning difficulties and working memory deficits with controls matched by school type, grade level, and gender. Results Among the students, whose mean age was 9.34 years (1.78), 13.7% had a learning difficulty, while 8.04% had a learning difficulty with working memory deficit. The odds ratio of comorbid working memory deficit (in the face of a learning difficulty) was 7.0 (χ2= 35.96, p<0.001). Conclusion Learning difficulties and comorbid working memory deficits were relatively common among primary school students. Efforts should be made to identify these students and provide timely assistance, in order to optimize their educational success and mental health outcomes.

Translation and validation study of the prodromal questionnaire brief version into Indonesian language

BACKGROUND AND AIM Psychosis is a mental disorder resulting in high disability impacts. Many studies show that early detection of prodromal symptoms may improve prognosis. Psychotic prodromal symptoms may mimic other mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety or learning difficulties. The aim of this study was to analyze validity, reliability, sensitivity and specificity of the Prodromal Questionnaire Brief Version (PQ-B) Indonesian version to detect psychotic prodromal symptoms. METHOD The PQ-B was translated into Indonesian then back-translated into English. Subjects included in this study were 50 children and adolescent psychiatric patients from Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, aged 10-18 years old. Validity measurement was performed by comparing the total score and distress score of PQ-B with the categorical scale of Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS) as the gold standard using Spearman correlation. Total scale and subscale reliability were examined using the Cronbachs Alpha. RESULTS Analysis with Spearman correlation showed significant results of both PQ-B total score with diagnosis of SIPS (r = 0.374 and p = 0.007); and PQ-B distress score with diagnosis of SIPS (r = 0.400 and p = 0.004). Cronbach Alpha coefficient was equal to 0.853 for all scales. The sensitivity of the PQ-B in the Indonesian language is 70%, and the specificity is 72%, whereas, in the original language (English), the sensitivity and specificity is 88% and 68%. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of good validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of PQ-B Indonesian language to detect prodromal symptoms of those who seek help in the psychiatric outpatient clinic.

Dopamine transporter gene polymorphism in children with ADHD: A pilot study in Indonesian samples

INTRODUCTION Several studies showed that DAT1 polymorphism closed related with ADHD although the results were not consistently found. Studies in China, South Korea, Japan revealed that 10-repeat allele gave a risk for ADHD. Based on that understanding, this study tried to identify whether the similar polymorphism of DAT1 was also apparent in Indonesian children with ADHD. METHOD This was a case - control study. Case was 50 Indonesian origin children with ADHD and without any other mental disorders and metal retardation. Control is Indonesian origin children without ADHD, other mental disorders and mental retardation. ADHD diagnosis was taken after doing the psychiatric interview and observation based on the DSM-IV TR diagnostic criteria for ADHD at the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Out-patient Clinic, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital - Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia. DNA isolation, DNA purity and concentration were measured. PCR was done by using a primer based on Homo sapiens solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter), member 3 (SLC6A3), RefSeq Gene on chromosome 5 with accession number NG_015885.1. To identify the serial of repeated allele, we used the sequencing technique. RESULTS There were 47 children with ADHD and 48 children without ADHD that involved in the final analysis. The mean of age amongst ADHD group was 9.18 (2.42) and 8.10 (2.46) years old in non-ADHD group. The 10-repeated allele of DAT1 was the highest proportion in both. CONCLUSION This finding was apparently similar with other studies on DAT1 polymorphism across Asian.

Executive Dysfunction among Children with Antipsychotic Treated Schizophrenia

Objective To investigate the executive function among adolescents with antipsychotic-treated schizophrenia in Child and Adolescent Outpatient Clinic at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta. Methods This was a cross sectional study with control group. Case was defined as adolescents with antipsychotic-treated schizophrenia without any mental retardation or other physical illnesses (n=45). The control group consisted of healthy and age-matched adolescents (n=135). Executive function is determined by using Indonesian version of Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-Indonesian version). We used SPSS 16.0 program for windows to calculate the prevalence risk ratio (PRR) and set up the p value <0.05. Results Mean of age was 16.27 (standard deviation 1.86) year-old. Most of the case group (95%) has been treated with atypical antipsychotic such as risperidone, aripipripazole, olanzapine, and clozapine. Duration of having antipsychotic medication was ranged from one to 36 months. Adolescents with antipsychotic treated-schizophrenia had higher BRIEF T-score, except for inhibit scale, shift scale and behavior regulation index. The prevalence risk ratio on several clinical scales were higher in children with antipsychotic-treated schizophrenia compared to control group, such as on emotional state (PRR=7.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.38-23.15), initiate scale (PRR=6.32, 95% CI=2.51-15.95), monitor scale (PRR=8.11, 95% CI=2.0-32.86), and behavior regulation index (PRR=4.09, 95% CI=1.05-15.98). Conclusion In general, the results showed that adolescents with atypical antipsychotic treated-schizophrenia had higher BRIEF T-score compared, and comparable with their normal group control.