Frantisek Perecar

Statistical prediction of the atmospheric behavior for free space optical link

The atmosphere is unstable and unpredictable environment, where are continual changes of the air refractive index. These changes cause fluctuation of optical power at the receiver site. The prediction of behavior of the atmosphere and effect of this behavior on the FSO link is very complicated or even impossible. Aim of this article is focused on statistical analysis of measured level signal RSSI of the FSO link and atmospheric properties measured by hydro-meteorological station. For measured data the statistical analysis tools were used. Next part of article is focused on determination of the linear regression model to calculate level of RSSI depending on the atmospheric properties. Two empirical equations are result for day and night time. These equations describe behavior of signal RSSI in 30 days interval. Finally, comparison of the obtained mathematical model with real measured data of RSSI was introduced for one week before and one week after the analyzed time interval.

The influence of temperature loading on the optical fiber passive components

The paper discuss about aging of the optical couplers in their burdened high temperature. The article focuses on applied research and experimental development of resources for safety operation of optical networks in environment with higher temperature. It addresses issues of accelerated aging of optical fiber components in their burdened with high temperature. This article is devoted the impact of temperature loading on the SM optical FBT coupler with 8 branches. Optical passive component were exposed to temperature 95 °C for 433 hours. Measurements are focused on the parameters of geometry of optical beam. The detect changes are useful to understand the phenomenon of accelerated ageing elements of optical networks.

Various optical fibers fixing methods for mechanical stress measurements

The monitoring of building structures deformations and testing of construction materials resilience are very important processes in the development and production of given materials and structures. This paper deals with the concrete deflection measurement using fiber optic distributed strain system. The own principle of the measurement evaluation is based on stimulated Brillouin scattering. In this paper, we explore the use of different types of optical fibers and the possibilities of their fixing. Above all, we are focusing on the possibility of their attachment to the measured objects. This is the most important step of the whole process that most affects the functionality and accuracy of measurement.

Influence of different encapsulation types and shapes of polydimethylsiloxane on the temperature sensitivity of the FBG

Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is formed by the periodic structure in the core of the optical fiber and is one of the widelyused types of fiber optic sensors. FBGs are primarily sensitive to strain and temperature. For sensory application is an important encapsulation of FBG to achieve maximum sensitivity to the desired measurand and ensure of protection against damage. Interesting way to encapsulate FBG is the use of elastomer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Authors of this paper followed on previous research regarding encapsulation of FBG and analyzed the influence of different encapsulation types and shapes of PDMS on the temperature sensitivity and change of the reflected Bragg wavelength of the FBG. Realization of encapsulation is composed of three parts: FBG insertion to a regular form with the liquid PDMS, curing in a temperature box with a constant temperature 100 °C ± 5 % and 24 hours relaxation. Analysis of temperature sensitivity and reflected Bragg wavelength was carried out after curing including relaxation time and it using the broadband source of light LED (Light-Emitting Diode) with central wavelength 1550 nm and the optical spectrum analyzer OSA 203.

Masonry moisture measurement using the distributed temperature sensing system

Distributed temperature sensing systems (DTS) are based on the principle of time-domain reflectometry where an optical fiber acts as a temperature sensor. DTS is capable of measuring the temperature along the optical fiber using the nonlinear phenomenon referred as Raman scattering. The biggest advantage of such sensing system is the use of an optical fiber itself as a sensor which gives the benefits of electromagnetic interference immunity, low sensor cost, measurement distances up to 10 kilometers and the safe use in flammable and corrosive environments. Fiber optic DTS can be therefore used in the environments and processes in which the application of conventional sensors is impossible. This article discusses the use of DTS for the moisture measurement in the masonry. In structures with built-in optical fiber, the immediate detection and location of moisture are possible. To perform the measurements an experimental brick wall has been built and between each wall layer the optical fiber was placed. The wall was built in stainless steel tub with a drain valve and was placed on a mobile trolley. The dimensions of the wall were 106 x 100 x 30 cm. The actual measurements were carried out in two stages. In the first, the tub was filled with water and the temperature change associated with the gradual increase of moisture inside the wall was measured. This measurement lasted until the saturation which was the time when the wall has no more moisture to adopt. The second stage then examined the evolution of the temperature inside the wall during gradual desiccation until the time when the temperature inside the wall was uniform between all layers.

Analysis of the impact of the deposition optical fibers on the deformation measurement with a distributed system BOTDR

Authors of this article analyzed the influence of the cover layer in combination with the fixation material to measure deformation with the distributed system Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (BOTDR). This system is based on the principle of measuring stimulated Brillouin scattering, which is frequency dependent on the measured temperature and the mechanical stress of the optical fiber. Standard telecommunication optical fiber G.652.D was used for experiments to verify whether this widely used type of fibers initially intended for telecommunication transmissions is suitable for measuring the deformation with the distributed system BOTDR. Knowing the impact of encapsulation type optical fiber is important in the use and implementation in practical applications. The results clearly show that it is important to pay attention to the implementation type of optical fiber. Based on post-analysis, it was determined the most appropriate implementation of optical fiber for optimal sensitivity in practical applications.

The behavior of the geometrical parameters of optical beam of optical passive components under the long time thermal load

TThe paper discuss about aging of the passive optical couplers in their burdened high temperature. The article focuses on applied research and experimental development of resources for safety operation of optical networks in environment with higher temperature. It addresses issues of accelerated aging of optical fiber components in their burdened with high temperature. How does temperature influence on optical network elements? It is necessary to specify the changes in the optical coupler and find out why these changes occur. This article is devoted experimental measurement of the impact of temperature loading on the geometrical parameters of optical beam of SM optical FBT couplers. In the paper there are compared couplers of different manufacturers and same dividing ratios of output power 1:8. Optical passive component were continuously exposed to temperature 95°C for long time period. Measurements are focused on the parameters of geometry of optical beam. Graphical and mathematical detect changes in the dissemination of energy coupler after long lasting dose of temperature loading are useful to understand the phenomenon of accelerated aging elements of optical networks in environments with an higher temperature.

Temperature measurement inside metallic cables using distributed temperature system

Nowadays, metallic cables are produced so as to avoid the maximum allowable temperature of the cable by the normal operation and the maximum allowable temperature for short-circuit the exceeding the maximum allowable internal temperature. The temperature increase is an unwanted phenomena causing losses in the cable and its abrasion. Longterm overload can lead to damaging of the cable or to the risk of fire in extreme cases. In our work, we present the temperature distribution measurement inside the metallic cables using distributed temperature system. Within the cooperation with manufacturer of the metallic cables, optical fibers were implemented into these cables. The cables are double coated and the fibers are allocated between these coatings and also in the centre of the cable. Thus we are able to measure the temperature inside the cable and also on the surface temperature along the whole cable length with spatial resolution 1 m during the cable heating. This measurement method can be also used for short-circuit prediction and detection, because this phenomena is always accompanied with temperature increase. Distributed temperature systems are already successfully implemented in temperature measurements in industry environment, such as construction, sewer systems, caliducts etc. The main advantage of these systems is electromagnetic resistance, low application price and the possibility of monitoring several kilometers long distances.

The impacts of ageing effects due to radiation burden on optical fiber couplers

The paper discuss about accelerated ageing of optical fiber elements in their burdened with gamma radiation. In addition to the destruction of coating materials, gamma radiation has its effect on the internal structure of the optical fiber. It is necessary to specify the changes in the optical coupler and find out why these changes occur. This article contains experimental measurement of the impact of gamma radiation Cobalt-60 on the optical couplers of various split performance ratio. The couplers were exposed to gradually increasing doses of 60Co. Measurements are focused on the overall distribution of the energy in the core and cladding various branches of SM optical fiber couplers. This article focuses on applied research and experimental development of resources for safety operation of optical networks since monitoring of ageing substantially contributes to its security. It addresses issues of accelerated ageing of optical fiber elements in their burdened with gamma radiation. How does radiation energy of gamma radiation influence optical network elements? This effect is explored just very little bit and is yet another unanswered question. In addition to the destruction of coating materials, gamma radiation has its effect on the internal structure of the optical fiber. It is necessary to specify the changes in the optical coupler and find out why these changes occur. This article contains experimental measurement of the impact of gamma radiation Cobalt-60 on the optical couplers of various split performance ratio. Optical passive components, couplers, were exposed to gradually increasing doses of 60Co. Measurements are focused on the overall distribution of the energy of LP01 mode in the core and cladding various branches of SM optical fiber couplers. Graphical and mathematical detect changes in the dissemination of energy coupler after single doses of gamma radiation are useful to understand the phenomenon of accelerated ageing elements of optical networks in environments with an increased incidence of radiation energy. Keywords: 2-D view, 3-D view, coupler, gamma radiation, Cobalt-60, ageing, energy

The aging process of optical couplers by gamma irradiation

Scientists have recently discovered that the ageing process of optical elements is faster than it was originally anticipated. It is mostly due to the multiple increases of the optical power in optical components, the introduction of wavelength division multiplexers and, overall, the increased flow of traffic in optical communications. This article examines the ageing process of optical couplers and it focuses on their performance parameters. It describes the measurement procedure followed by the evaluation of the measurement results. To accelerate the ageing process, gamma irradiation from 60Co was used. The results of the measurements of the optical coupler with one input and eight outputs (1:8) were summarized. The results gained by measuring of the optical coupler with one input and four outputs (1:4) as well as of the optical couplers with one input and two outputs (1:2) with different split ratios were also processed. The optical powers were measured on the input and the outputs of each branch of each optical coupler at the wavelengths of 1310 nm and 1550 nm. The parameters of the optical couplers were subsequently calculated according to the appropriate formulas. These parameters were the insertion loss of the individual branches, split ratio, total losses, homogeneity of the losses and directionalities alias cross-talk between the individual output branches. The gathered data were summarized before and after the first irradiation when the configuration of the couplers was 1:8 and 1:4. The data were summarized after the third irradiation when the configuration of the couplers was 1:2.