Fred Steward

Mapping Innovation Networks

This paper outlines a detailed and systematic method for revealing and mapping out the network mobilised in the development of a discrete innovation. This is termed a focal action-set. Important to the utility of this approach has been the development of a set of conventions for the graphical expression of the network and its components: actors, links and flows. It is argued that the network graphic provides a powerful, though under-utilised, tool for the representation of relational data. It may be employed, for example, to reveal variations in network configuration and to highlight key networking or boundary-spanning actors. The network mapping approach is illustrated through three cases of small firm innovation drawn from a wider investigation of award-winning technological innovations. A comparison between the network maps show a variation in the key boundary-spanning interactions, which is related to the organisational background of the entrepreneurial actor.

Technology content and competitive advantage: strategic analysis in the steel processing and watch manufacturing sectors in the People's Republic of China

Two studies by Chinese researchers on technology strategy in industrial sectors in Tianjin in the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) are compared and assessed. One uses the UN ESCAP Technology Atlas framework for technology content assessment and applies it to the steel industry. The other uses Michael Porters framework for competitive strategy analysis and applies it to the watch manufacturing industry. The methods are contrasted in terms of their state–planning and market origins and their different degrees of focus on technology. The studies showed the applicability of both methods in the Chinese context, but also point to the need for modifications. It is concluded that with the dualistic character of economic reform in the PRC there is potential for a synthesis and adaptation of the two methods for application at the regional level.

Building Networks for Innovation Diffusion in Europe: Learning from the SPRINT Programme

This paper concerns the building of organizational networks for the diffusion of innovation across national boundaries. In particular, it reports on an investigation of the Specific Project Action Line (SPAL); an exploratory initiative within the SPRINT programme which sought to improve the understanding and operation of the diffusion of innovation across national boundaries in Europe. The paper draws upon social network theory and evaluations of earlier networking initiatives within the SPRINT programme in order to inform the analysis of three SPAL projects. An important aspect of the study was the development of the network graphic as an analytical tool for the representation and comparison of project networks over time and between project. It is concluded that network diversity, network configuration, and the management of the networking process are all key and inter-related network themes that influence the diffusion of innovation across national boundaries. However, the cases highlight the problem of...