Freda Adler

Jails as a Repository for Former Mental Patients

This paper analyses and explores one aspect of the relationship between the mental health system and the criminal justice system. Specifically, it deals with that portion of a jail population which, at one time or another, had been in the care of psychiatric hospitals. The data were collected from 339 inmates serving time in three New Jersey institutions (urban, suburban and rural). The findings suggest that the deinstitutionalization movement, marked by stringent requirements for hospitalization in mental hospitals, and less onerous criteria for fitness to be discharged, has created a socially marginal class of people who are increasingly becoming a burden on our lock-ups and jails.

A group-system hypothesis as an explanation of sociologic phenomena

SummaryThis paper attempts to trace the origins of some aspects of human social interaction to the basic social primate need for contact and the basic social primate fear of separation. It is hypothesized that the need for contact may be fulfilled psychologically and symbolically through affiliation with a group and through the adoption of a cognitive perceptual system of ordering phenomena. Thus, the group-system constellation and its vicissitudes may be central factors mediating both mans stability and his change sequences, respectively.

1. Evaluative Criminology a. Drug Abuse Treatment Programs as a Natural Criminology Laboratory: A Pennsylvania Study

a technique. Prescientific medicine was the domain of philosophers and pragmatists who practised diagnosis by mythology and treatment by placebo. Nothing else was available and the sick could not wait for the years it would take before treatment became rational. So the stricken brought their distress and disability to the socially designated healers who confidently diagnosed their maladies as due to sinning or humors or demon possession, depending on the historical weltanschauung. Some who might have survived the illness did not survive the treatment which included beating, puking, leeching, purging, and plying with inedible toxins. But

No crime in no‐man’s land? an Antarctic exploration

Criminologists have been concerned with the crime phenomenon of that small portion of the global surface that is covered by land (29 percent); ignoring the 71 percent of the surface that is covered by water. Worse yet, criminologists have neglected an entire continent: Antarctica and that continent covers nearly 9 percent of the global land mass. Thus, traditional criminology has merely dealt with the criminological problems of 20 percent of the earth’s surface. In earlier research we have endeavored to examine the criminality of 29 percent of the global surface; that covered by water.1 Welcome to Antarctica, the continent that is bigger than Australia and bigger even than Europe. Antarctica was the last continent to be discovered. Dierke’s School Atlas (published 1910) which was the first author’s introduction to geography, has printed across the entire Antarctic continent the words ‘unexplored’. Only three Antarctic peninsulas are marked as explored. By the time the second author went to school, the maps of Antarctica had not changed much. Indeed, the continent seems so forbidding that a ‘no trespassing’ sign would seem to be superfluous. Ninety-nine percent of the continent is covered by ice and snow, encapsulating 70 percent of the world’s fresh water. The stretch of ocean between the tip of South America and the Antarctic Peninsula, known as ‘roaring forties’, and the ‘furious fifties’, is the most treacherous, the stormiest, and coldest ocean strait on earth. The sea bottom is littered with the wreckage of

Hailing and boarding: the psychological impact of US coast guard boardings

Measures the impact of armed US Coast Guard boardings on those aboard boarded vessels. A sample of fifty subjects (half members of a graduate class on “Maritime Crime and its Prevention”, half others), completed questionnaires after experiencing a (pre‐arranged but undisclosed) interception and boarding by a US Coast Guard Cutter of the vessel on which they were traveling. Subjects reported satisfaction with the conduct of the boarding, but experienced different anxiety levels during the encounter, ranging from low levels (one third), medium levels (one third) to relatively high levels of anxiety. Boarding parties should be concerned with the latter group. Training and sensitivity to deal with that group needs to be emphasized.

The Emergence of Criminal Justice: Tracing the Route to Neolithic Times

Referring to anthropology, the great French sociologist-anthropologist Marcel Mauss is reported to have quipped: “In that mighty ocean anyone can catch a fish.”1 In travelling the oceans we have never met a seafarer who travelled and knew them all. With this humble apologia we present this simple fish we caught to fellow sailor Jacob Sundberg, as an offing on the occasion of his retirement, not his retreat.