Frederic J. P. Launay

The Risks of Assisted Colonization

There is a growing debate over whether species should be translocated outside their historic ranges to deal with extinction risks as habitats shift due to climate change. This idea of taking preemptive action to avert predicted extinction risks has been given emphasis by the recent International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assessment of species susceptibility to climate-change impacts (Foden et al. 2008), prompting suggestions that “more aggressive measures, such as so-called ‘assisted migration’” be considered (Marris 2008). Hoegh-Guldberg et al. (2008) provide a decision framework for identifying scenarios in which what they term “assisted colonization” (AC) is justified. We see problems with the impact of these articles, despite their conservative approach. First, there are current international translocation guidelines (IUCN 1998) that provide a strong rationale against the early adoption of AC as a conservation tool. The Reintroduction Specialist Group (RSG) was created in 1988 to address the proliferation of ill-conceived translocations that had been taking place, including many releases of species outside historic ranges (Stanley Price & Soorae 2003). The RSG formulated the guidelines for translocation planning to ensure that conservation benefits accrue. “Benign introduction” (BI)—the translocation of species to suitable habitat outside their historic range as a conservation measure—was considered appropriate only when there was no habitat left within the original species range (IUCN 1998). Although AC appears to fall within the definition of BI, the two differ in that AC aims proactively to establish species outside their historic range to preempt predicted climate-driven changes in habitat suitability. Calls to take proactive conservation measures need to consider that there are currently huge uncertainties involved, not only in climatechange predictions and consequent species responses (Araújo et al. 2005; Hulme 2005; Sekercioglu et al. 2008) but also in our understanding of the habitat requirements of species (Stamps & Swaisgood 2007) and the effects of translocations on ecosystem function (Armstrong & Seddon 2008). At a recent conference (First International Wildlife Reintroduction Conference, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois,April2008, http://www. reintroduction.org/), RSG members discussed climate-change implications for translocations, acknowledging the need for the integration of reintroduction biology and restoration ecology, and the updating of translocation guidelines to consider issues such as the mitigation of climate-driven habitat change and overcoming barriers to natural dispersal of species. Given current uncertainty, however, there is substantial risk that prematurely embracing the undeniably sexy AC concept will initiate a new era of ill-conceived species translocations. Philip J. Seddon,∗ Doug P. Armstrong,† Pritpal Soorae,‡ Frederic Launay,§ Sally Walker,∗∗ Carlos R. Ruiz-Miranda,†† Sanjay Molur,∗∗ Heather Koldewey,‡‡ and Devra G. Kleiman§§ ∗RSG Bird Section Chair, Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, email philip.seddon@stonebow. otago.ac.nz †RSG Australasia Chair, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand ‡RSG Programme Officer, Environment Agency, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates §RSG Chair, Environment Agency, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates ∗∗RSG South Asia co-Chair, Zoo Outreach, Coimbatore, India ††RSG Meso-South America Chair, Environmental Sciences Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ‡‡RSG Fish Section Chair, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom §§RSG North America Chair, Zoo-Logic, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, U.S.A.

Deaths and Medical Visits Attributable to Environmental Pollution in the United Arab Emirates

Background This study estimates the potential health gains achievable in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) with improved controls on environmental pollution. The UAE is an emerging economy in which population health risks have shifted rapidly from infectious diseases to chronic conditions observed in developed nations. The UAE government commissioned this work as part of an environmental health strategic planning project intended to address this shift in the nature of the country’s disease burden. Methods and Findings We assessed the burden of disease attributable to six environmental exposure routes outdoor air, indoor air, drinking water, coastal water, occupational environments, and climate change. For every exposure route, we integrated UAE environmental monitoring and public health data in a spatially resolved Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate the annual disease burden attributable to selected pollutants. The assessment included the entire UAE population (4.5 million for the year of analysis). The study found that outdoor air pollution was the leading contributor to mortality, with 651 attributable deaths (95% confidence interval [CI] 143–1,440), or 7.3% of all deaths. Indoor air pollution and occupational exposures were the second and third leading contributors to mortality, with 153 (95% CI 85–216) and 46 attributable deaths (95% CI 26–72), respectively. The leading contributor to health-care facility visits was drinking water pollution, to which 46,600 (95% CI 15,300–61,400) health-care facility visits were attributed (about 15% of the visits for all the diseases considered in this study). Major study limitations included (1) a lack of information needed to translate health-care facility visits to quality-adjusted-life-year estimates and (2) insufficient spatial coverage of environmental data. Conclusions Based on international comparisons, the UAE’s environmental disease burden is low for all factors except outdoor air pollution. From a public health perspective, reducing pollutant emissions to outdoor air should be a high priority for the UAE’s environmental agencies.

Challenges facing biodiversity in the United Arab Emirates

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to show that the Arabian Peninsula, and the United Arab Emirates in particular, has not been spared by the trends of biodiversity loss observed on the world scale. The authors aim to present a rapid review of the challenges facing the biodiversity in the UAE and the solutions that this young country proposes to counteract the erosion of its biodiversity.Design/methodology/approach – The authors gathered and compiled published and unpublished information from governmental and non‐governmental sources.Findings – Despite being regarded as a vast desertic and unfertile area with one of the lowest human populations in the world, the UAE hosts a unique and remarkably adapted fauna and flora. Adding to natural causes (drought), the main threats facing biodiversity identified were: coastal development and urbanisation, as well as over‐exploitation of natural resources (fishing, hunting, grazing and water extraction) that are linked with the tremendous population increase and ...

Migration patterns of four Asian Houbara Chlamydotis macqueenii wintering in the Cholistan Desert, Punjab, Pakistan

Migration patterns of four Asian Houbara Chlamydotis macqueenii wintering in the Cholistan Desert, Pakistan in 1998 were monitored using satellite transmitters. Their homeward migration began between 15 and 31 March, and they arrived on breeding grounds in China, Mongolia and Uzbekistan between 16 and 27 May. The houbara stayed on their breeding areas for c. 135 days (range = 124−140). They arrived on the wintering grounds in the Cholistan Desert between 20 October and 15 December. During their migration, they avoided the mountain massifs of Hindu Kush, Pamir, Tien Shan and Himalaya. They could fly up to 220 km day−1 and covered a total distance of up to 4,400 km between their departure and destination points. Long stopovers were made mainly in the Registan Desert (Afghanistan), the Kyzylkum Desert (Uzbekistan/ Kazakhstan), the Muyunkum and Taukum Deserts (Kazakhstan) and to a lesser extent the Zhob Valley (Pakistan). Conservation issues of a long-distance migrant species like Asian Houbara should be addressed at a broader scale through an international collaboration between Central Asian countries, from the breeding grounds of China to the wintering grounds of the Indian subcontinent.

Burden of Disease from Indoor Air Pollution

Indoor air pollution has evolved into a high-priority risk across the globe, with various organizations ranking indoor air pollution in the top category of environmental risks. Indoor air pollutant concentrations are a function of indoor source emissions, the infiltration of ambient pollution via building leakage, and the air exchange rate (ventilation) in the building. Health effects range from acute conditions such as sensory irritation to chronic, potentially life-threatening conditions such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. The three primary factors that affect indoor air quality are the nature of indoor pollutant sources, ventilation of the building, and occupant behaviors. This initial modeling effort focuses on the residential environment because people spend the majority of their time indoors in residential dwellings. Deficient air quality can exist in all types of enclosed buildings and structures. In the future, the methods and models developed here could be applied to other indoor environments. The burden of disease due to a particular pollutant was calculated by multiplying the attributable fraction by the observed number of cases of the relevant health outcome in the population. The leading source of indoor air pollution contributing to excess cases of illness is environmental tobacco smoke. Altogether, it appears to cause more than 80% of the health-care facility visits attributed to indoor air pollution. The leading health outcomes attributed to indoor air pollution are cardiovascular disease and lower respiratory tract infections. An estimated 280 deaths result from those diseases, with approximately 88% of those deaths attributed to cardiovascular disease caused by environmental tobacco smoke. Our analyses suggest that indoor air pollution is a considerable risk to public health in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), accounting for at least 77,000 excess visits to health-care facilities in 2008 in addition to the 280 excess deaths. In terms of mortality, indoor air quality ranks second only to outdoor air pollution as a cause of environmentally related diseases in the UAE.

Nesting, distribution and conservation of the Crab Plover, Dromas ardeola, in the United Arab Emirates

Abstract We studied the nesting and distribution of the Crab Plover, Dromas ardeola, in the United Arab Emirates through regular monitoring of colonies during the breeding season and counts at other key waterbird sites throughout the country during the non-breeding season. Based on counts of active nests, we estimate 1400–1500 breeding pairs of Crab Plovers in the United Arab Emirates at the two active colonies, accounting for over 30% of the Arabian breeding population. Discovery of a newly formed colony in 2004 and abandonment of the old colony on Abu Al Abyad demonstrate the potential of expansion of colonies in other areas. With breeding confirmed at only two islands in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, from a conservation perspective this species is one of the most important breeding birds in the United Arab Emirates. Outside the breeding season, Crab Plovers congregate at few coastal sites in the country. Long-term conservation of Crab Plovers in the Emirates depends on the continued protection of the few breeding sites and urgent protection of the key sites used outside the breeding season.

Prioritizing Environmental Risks to Health

This chapter discusses in detail the process we used to engage stakeholders in further refining the scope of issues to consider in this environmental burden of disease assessment. First, we provide background on innate human cognitive biases that affect our perceptions of risk and how these biases pose challenges to rational priority setting. Then, we describe previous international experiences in prioritizing environmental risks to health for policymaking. Next, we describe the systematic approach used here to prioritize environmental risk factors—an approach that compensates for cognitive biases, incorporates scientific information, systematically involves multiple stakeholders, and builds on international experiences. Finally, we describe how we implemented this ranking process and how the results led to the eight environmental risk factor categories that are the subjects of the remaining chapters of this book: outdoor air pollution, indoor air pollution, occupational exposures, climate change, drinking water contamination, coastal water pollution, soil and groundwater contamination, and produce and seafood contamination.

Burden of Disease from Produce and Seafood Contamination

Eating fruits and vegetables is beneficial to human health but exposes people to risk if the produce contains hazardous contaminants. Two potential contaminants are human pathogens (e.g., Salmonella, E. coli) and agricultural pesticides (e.g., organophosphates, carbamates), both of which can be reduced with proper food handling and preparation. Foodborne pathogens can cause and/or contribute to an array of human illnesses, including acute gastroenteritis as well as more complex chronic conditions such as organ failure, arthritis, and heart disease. Agricultural pesticide exposure can result in dizziness, nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, tremors, anxiety, confusion, neurological disorders, developmental/reproductive disorders, and death. Because large percentages of fruit, vegetables, grains, and legumes consumed in the United Arab Emirates are produced abroad, pesticide use and other farm management practices in countries exporting to the UAE will affect contamination levels of food consumed in the UAE. Domestically harvested seafood has historically been a primary staple of the Emirati diet. More than 90% of citizens eat fish during at least one meal every week. Consumption of fish provides numerous documented health benefits, including a reduction in risk of chronic heart disease; however, fish can also serve as a vector for pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., Vibrio spp.), heavy metals (e.g., mercury) and other toxins (e.g., dioxin). Estimates of illness resulting from seafood consumption focus on exposure to mercury. Although numerous metals can result in adverse health effects if consumed in seafood, mercury is generally regarded as of greatest concern. Chronic mercury poisoning results in a host of neurological and psychological symptoms, including tremors, motor/cognitive dysfunction, and memory loss. Exposure in utero can result in serious lifetime illness, including mental retardation, sensory loss, developmental delay, cerebral palsy, and seizures. In lieu of estimating foodborne mortality and morbidity cases, our modeling approach directly calculates the probability of exceeding international guidelines for exposure to specific hazardous chemicals in fruit, vegetables, and seafood in the UAE. For fruits and vegetables, the model estimates the number of daily incidents in which UAE residents are exposed to a particular type of pesticide residue above a prespecified benchmark dose, due to eating a particular type of fruit or vegetable. For seafood, the model estimates the number of daily incidents in which UAE residents are exposed to mercury levels above the reference dose maintained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency due to eating fish. Results of daily cases in which a UAE resident may be at risk of overexposure to methylmercury from eating seafood and exceeding the reference dose suggest 2,927 women and 11,882 men—with the gender imbalance an artifact of the male-dominated expatriate workforce—could be at risk for health effects. Of all pesticides and crops, chlorpyrifos on tomato has the highest mean ratio (0.26) of average estimated pesticide exposure (0.000078 mg/kg) to its chronic population adjusted dose (cPAD) value (0.0003 mg/kg), making tomatoes the most suitable candidate for a worst-case hypothetical scenario. Considering an atypical but theoretical UAE resident eating 100% tomatoes, and assuming no reduction in pesticide due to washing, peeling, and/or cooking, the model estimates this person has 20.6% (chlorpyrifos) and 1.0% (vinclozolin) chances of exceeding cPAD values each day. Overall, this model estimates 631,074 worst-case daily incidents (cPAD exceedance) contributing to potential chronic illness. Although these probabilities may seem high, daily cPAD incidents are assumed contributory toward potential cases of annual chronic illness; the model assumes (worst-case) no reduction in pesticide due to washing, peeling, and/or cooking for all incidents; and, only very limited human epidemiologic studies exist to objectively link chronic pesticide exposure with adverse health effects—a major reason for the safety factors already built into the cPAD and other benchmarks.

Nest Site Selection by Sooty Gulls on Jarnein Island, United Arab Emirates

Abstract Nest-site selection and nesting habitat use by the Sooty Gull (Larus hemprichii) was studied on Jarnein Island in the United Arab Emirates during the 2002 breeding season. Sooty Gull nests were located mainly on the north and northeast sides of the island. Birds showed definite preference for rocky substrates.

Burden of Disease from Occupational Exposures

Workers may be exposed to physical, chemical, and biological hazards at work that may lead to occupational illness. Hazardous substance exposure routes include dermal and inhalation exposure and ingestion. Families of workers also can face risks from toxic substances brought home on contaminated work clothes or vehicles. This chapter estimates occupational exposures to harmful chemicals and noise in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and calculates the burden of disease related to selected occupational hazards. Occupational health studies conducted in the UAE have revealed unsafe work practices and unhealthy working conditions in many industry sectors, but the majority of UAE workers who are potentially exposed to hazardous substances and noise are employed in construction, agriculture, or manufacturing. The exposures covered in this study were selected following the approach by the World Health Organization, covering common occupational carcinogens, occupational airborne particulates, and noise, excluding occupational injuries and ergonomic stressors. The estimated total number of annual deaths due to health outcomes included in this study is 47, and the total number of health-care facility visits is 17,160. In addition, the model estimates that 4,770 cases of noise-induced hearing loss occur due to occupational exposures each year. Of the health outcomes covered in the study, lung cancer and leukemia were responsible for the highest number of deaths (25 and 12, respectively). For health-care facility visits, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease contributed most to the disease burden with 11,854 and 5,012 visits, respectively. It is likely that the UAE could reduce the amount it spends on medical care by reducing exposure to respiratory irritants, carcinogens, and noise in workplaces. These numbers should not be considered to represent the total disease burden arising from all occupational exposures. Many prevalent occupational hazards, such as injuries and ergonomic stressors, were excluded because this study focuses on health risks due to releases of hazardous physical, chemical, and biological agents into the environment as a result of human activities.