Frederick Baekeland

Exercise and Sleep Patterns in College Athletes

Visual stage-of-sleep analysis of the sleep EEGs of 10 college athletes under three different conditions of exercise suggests a general positive relationship between exercise and the amount of slow-wave (delta) sleep in a nights sleep as well as a stress effect of exercise obtained in the evening.

CORRELATES OF PATIENT ATTRITION IN THE OUTPATIENT TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM

Study of the admission characteristics of 143 patients admitted to an alcoholic clinic showed them to be a heterogeneous population with apparently different reasons for failing to persevere in treatment. Immediate dropouts (those who failed to return after the first visit), who comprised 17.5 per cent of the patients, were most likely to live alone and had suffered the least impairment of their capacity. They were also characterized by ambivalence about initiating treatment and were anxious, depressed, and not abstinent on admission. Rapid dropouts (those who dropped out after 1 to 4 weeks of treatment) accounted for 25.9 per cent of patients and were marked by high levels of anxiety, depression, and somatic and psychosomatic symptoms. Slow dropouts (those who dropped out during the 2nd to 5th months of treatment) had lower levels of education and were likely to have alcoholic relatives. On the other hand, clinic attenders (those who attended ≥ 6 months) accounted for only 26.6 per cent of patients. They tended to be relatively highly motivated, mildly symptomatic and socially intact individuals without a family history of alcoholism who were not markedly ambivalent about treatment.

Disulfiram Treatment Of Alcoholism A Review

The English language literature on disulfiram treatment of alcoholism since the drugs introduction in 1948 is critically reviewed. The complications of and contraindications to disulfiram treatment are discussed. Changes both in the administration of and attitudes toward disulfiram are noted and th

CORRELATES OF OUTCOME IN DISULFIRAM TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM

Three groups of outpatient alcoholics treated with disulfiram (group 1: high abstinence clinic attenders; group 2: low abstinence clinic attenders; group 3: clinic dropouts) were matched to control nondisulfiram patients with respect to variables thought to influence outcome in all kinds of alcoholism treatment. Only group 1 patients did better while on disulfiram than controls. Compared with group 2 and 3 patients, they were older, had a relatively long history of heavy drinking, were less likely to be depressed, and were more likely to have had delirium tremens (DTs) and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) contact, to be abstinent on admission, and to rate high on motivation

Pentobarbital and dextroamphetamine sulfate: Effects on the sleep cycle in man

SummaryTwenty Ss received, double blind, either a 15-mg dextroamphetamine sulfate (DA) spansule and pentobarbital (PB) 100 mg p.o. before bed on two nights or PB and a placebo (PL) on two other nights, all a week apart, in a balanced design. Fifteen of the Ss received DA and PB placebos on two additional nights. EEG and EOG recordings were obtained over a six-hour observation period on all nights.DA + PB produced more body movements, spontaneous awakenings and stage-2 sleep and less delta sleep (stages 3 + 4) than did PB, while PB reduced time to sleep onset and produced less body movements and spontaneous awakenings than did PL. These findings were thought to indicate that DA decreases “soundness” and “depth” of sleep while PB increases them.A decrease in emergent stage-1 sleep (activated sleep, AS) over the six-hour observation period with DA + PB was made up for by a corresponding increase in wakefulness (stage 0), while a decrease both in AS and stage 0 with PB was compensated for by a corresponding increase in nonactivated sleep (NAS).Both DA + PB reduced per cent AS sleep time and first AS period (ASP) latencies, DA + PB more markedly than PB. DA appeared to produce this effect primarily by increasing first ASP latencies, while PB did so as well by shortening the first two ASPs.The tendency of PB to reduce rapid eye-movement (REM) density within ASPs (DA did not do so), to produce periods of emergent stage 1 without REMs, to shorten ASPs without changing the intervals between successive ASPs and to produce a maximum in the concentration of body movements in the 60–90 min interval after sleep onset suggested that it does not induce a basic alteration in the sleep cycle but rather suppresses certain manifestations of the first ASP (REMs and stage-1 sleep), while leaving others, such as body movements, unchanged to persist as a “REM-period residue.” Since DA was always administered with PB, it is not clear by what mechanisms the former delayed the appearance of first ASPs.

The Morning Recall Of Rapid Eye Movement Period Reports Given Earlier In The Night

At least three, and in most cases, not more than four, rapid eye movement period (REMP) reports were obtained from 20 male Ss, all of whom had at least four awakenings. Immediately after their terminal morning awakening and report they were asked, without any prior set to do so, to recall in as much detail as they could the reports they had given during the night. Eleven Ss failed to recall at least one of the first three reports, while 22/60 reports were completely forgotten. Studied were the effects of the following variables on recall of the first three reports: cognitive style, rapid eye movement (REM) density, awakening reaction times, times spent awake after awakenings, report length, report affect scores and repression. Field dependence and lower REM densities favored forgetting, as did higher reaction times, shorter times spent awake and shorter reports. Cognitive style and REM density were interrelated, as were reaction times, time spent awake and report length. However, the last three factors were independent of the first two. Affect scores were not significantly related to delayed recall. A clinician judge who used the Ss‘ original dream reports, personality data on them and criteria involving consideration of factors facilitating repression was able to predict ease of recall better than chance only in the case of the third report. The finding that recallers tended to be field-independent and non-recallers field-dependent agrees with the results of published studies of home dream recall. The fact that 63.3 per cent of the reports Ss gave were subsequently recalled either completely or in part is consistent with the notion that spontaneous awakenings from REMPs may contribute to morning dream reports given under home conditions.

Reported sleep characteristics: Effects of age, sleep length and psychiatric impairment

Abstract One hundred and five long (9 hours or more) and short (6 hours or less) sleepers, age 20–49 and free of drugs and internal medical problems, filled out the Cornell Index and the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Test and kept daily records of their sleep times and dream recall for 14 consecutive days. Eighty-four Ss also kept a more extensive sleep and dream log for 14 consecutive days. Psychiatric impairment was associated with more variable sleep, presleep tension, difficulty falling asleep and a light restless, unrefreshing sleep punctuated by awakenings, as well as more frequent dream reporting in younger long sleepers. Older Ss reported sleep which was less variable and lighter. Short sleepers had more variable sleep, while long sleepers gave more dream reports.

Correlates of home dream recall: reported home sleep characteristics and home dream recall.

Abstract A sleep and dream log was filled out by 55 young adult males for 14 consecutive days. A correlational analysis of 15 sleep and dream recall variables yielded results suggesting that detailed dream reports tend to come from end-of-the-night REM-period awakenings. while vague reports are probably associated with nocturnal awakenings with relatively long times back to sleep and no-content dream reports are derived from briefer nocturnal awakenings. Frequent detailed dream recallers (recallers), as compared with nonrecallers (Ss with infrequent detailed recall), took longer to get to sleep but were calmer before sleep, had less abrupt and more spontaneous terminal awakenings and reported feeling more refreshed on awakening. Abrupt awakenings tended to be associated with vague reports in recallers but with detailed reports in nonrecallers. On the basis of these findings, it was argued that recallers tended to awaken from REM sleep and nonrecallers from NREM sleep in the morning. No relationship was found between cognitive style and ease of dream recall in this sample of Ss.

CORRELATES OF HOME DREAM RECALL I. REM SLEEP IN THE LABORATORY AS A PREDICTOR OF HOME DREAM RECALL

Rapid eye movement frequency (REM density) and REM time in the first 6 hours of uninterrupted sleep were studied in relation to various measures of home dream recall in 41 normal young adult male Ss. The incidence of detailed dream reports was significantly positively related to REM density. On the other hand, vague and no-content dream reports were negligibly related to REM density. Similar relationships were found between dream reporting and REM time. It was argued that detailed dream reports tend to come from end-of-the-night awakenings from REM periods with much eye movement activity, while vague and no-content reports either are derived from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) awakenings or from REM period awakenings occurring earlier in the night and from which the S returns to sleep. A questionnaire estimate of dream recall proved to be a fair predictor of detailed dream recall as measured by a sleep log kept for 14 consecutive days and was thought to sample the delayed recall of vivid dreams from end-of-the-night REM periods with high REM densities.

Effects of Presleep Procedures and Cognitive Style on Dream Content

The REM period dream reports of two groups of Ss with different kinds of presleep experiences were examined with respect to laboratory references, overt references to E, pleasantness and unpleasantness of content, self-representation of the dreamer in his dreams and dream recall. Group 1 included 17 Ss who were not exposed to any special presleep procedure. Group 2 was composed of 27 Ss who underwent a half-hour presleep association period under conditions of partial sensory isolation which were anxiety provoking and focused Ss attention on laboratory procedures. Group 2 had more dreams related to the laboratory situation (lab dreams) and more unpleasant dreams. They were more often participants in their dreams and they recalled them less well than Group 1. Cognitive style was also a determinant of lab dreams and the participant-observer dimension of dream content.