Frederick D. Miller

Salience and the Cognitive Mediation of Attribution

Two studies of the impact of salience and informational factors on attribution and memory yielded findings on two general issues. First, manipulations of the amount of thought subjects gave to their attributions and of a delay before responding to attribution questions did not diminish the effect of salience on attribution; in fact, the delay increased the effect. Second, recall of the stimulus material was shown to be influenced by salience and by covariation information (consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency) and to be related to attributions. These findings, together with theory and data from the literature on comprehension and representation of linguistic material in memory, are used to argue that salience is not simply a process by which people make attributions without giving much thought to them. Instead, salience effects reflect the close relationships among the processes of comprehension, remembering, and attribution, and the fact that attributional processing can take place at the time of the encoding and storage of information, as well as at the time of its retrieval from memory.

Glycopeptides of human immunoglobulins—III: The use and preparation of specific glycosidases

Abstract A method is described by which it is possible to remove as much as 50 per cent of the sugar moieties from intact human immunoglobulins without disrupting the polpeptide chains or the inter- or intrachain bridges. Using specific glycosidases it is relatively easy to remove considerably greater amouns of carbohydrate from isolated glycopeptides; or to prepare intact molecules lacking various combinations of their saccharide components. In addition, the use of these enzymes permit the accumulation of considerable information regarding the sequence and anomeric configuration of the constituent sugars. A technique for preparing specific glycosidases from human epididymis and some of the properties of these enzymes are given.

Passive Acute Glomerulonephritis Induced by Antigen-Antibody Complexes Solubilized in Hapten Excess.

Summary Acute glomerulonephritis has been produced passively in normal mice by soluble antigen-antibody complexes prepared from rabbit anti-DNP Bγg which was precipitated at equivalence with DNPBSA and dissolved in excess hapten, ∊NH2DNP lysine. The fate and distribution of the injected antigen-antibody complexes and of purified rabbit antibody, which was used as a control, were studied by the fluorescent antibody technic. The complexes were rapidly and efficiently phagocytosed by the cells of the reticuloendothelial system and had largely disappeared from these cells within 24 hours. In contrast, there was only slight localization of complexes within glomeruli following a single injection, but with 3 injections in 24 hours, which resulted in production of acute glomerulonephritis, marked accumulation of complexes occurred in glomeruli; this was apparent 24 hours after the last injection. Purified rabbit antibody did not localize in glomeruli and only in trace amounts in the cells of the reticuloendothelial system.

Sex Roles and Achievement Conflicts

A survey study was conducted to investigate the relationship between sex roles and achievement conflicts. Contrary to contemporary interpretations, femininity was not related to fear of success or self-deprecation and insecurity. Masculinity was negatively related to fear of success in men and women and to selfdeprecation and insecurity more strongly in women than in men. Implications for concepts of sex roles are discussed.

ACE: Going from prototype to product with an expert system

ACE (Automated Cable Expertise) is a knowledge-based expert system that provides trouble-shooting and diagnostic reports for telephone company managers. Its application domain is telephone cable maintenance. ACE departs from standard expert system architecture in that a separate data base system is used as its primary source of information. ACE designers were influenced by the R1/XCON project, and ACE uses techniques similar to those of R1/XCON. This paper reports the progress of ACE as it moves out of experimentation and into a live software environment, and characterizes it in terms of current expert system technology.

Renal Localization and Persistence of Type 12 Streptococcal M-Protein.

Summary The findings of Kaplan with regard to the renal localization of Type 12 streptococcal M-protein have been confirmed and extended. It has been shown that this property is not the result of denaturation during preparation. The significance of these findings in regard to hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of acute nephritis is briefly discussed.

Production of acute glomerulonephritis in mice with soluble antigen-antibody complexes prepared from homologous antibody.

Summary 1) Passive serum sickness was produced in mice using homologous antibodies, obtained from immune ascitic fluid, in the form of soluble antigen-antibody complexes. Lesions were similar to those obtained with rabbit antibody-antigen complexes, but, in addition, amorphous eosinophilic material was seen in many glomerular capillary loops. Incidence and intensity of lesions using homologous antibody was greater than with equal amounts of heterologous rabbit antibody. 2) Homologous antibody was more effective in producing lethal anaphylaxis than rabbit antibody when both were given as soluble complexes.

Glycopeptides of human immunoglobulins. I. Preparation and carbohydrate composition.

Abstract The carbohydrate composition of six immunoglobulins and two amyloid preparations were compared. Glycopeptides, derived from the myeloma and macroglobulin proteins, were examined with regard to composition. Evidence indicates that in each case the largest glycopeptide is composed of fucose, mannose, galactose, N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl neuraminic acid in ratios that only moderate variability. The remaining glycopeptides have less constant composition and consist primarily of mannose and aminohexose. Data is compared to that previously reported in the literature. The relationship of the carbohydrate moieties to function is discussed. Although no conclusive evidence is as yet available, the possible roles relate to cellular export and physical properties.

Glycopeptides of human immunoglobulins—II contribution to the antigenicity of the heavy chain

Abstract A series of glycopeptides derived by enzymatic digestion of six human immunoglobulins (3 IgG, 2 IgM, 1 IgA) were examined for immunogenicity and antigenic contribution to the heavy chains using passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, inhibition of passive hemagglutination, and inhibition of precipitin reaction. Although the glycopeptides were very poor immunogens in the rabbit it was shown that they make a small but definite contribution to antigenic determinants on the H-chain. In addition evidence for subclass and class cross-reactivity between glycopeptides was obtained and suggests common structural features among some of these carbohydrate moieties.

Latent-Variable Models of Attributional Measurement

Several researchers have called for investigation of the psychometric properties of widely used attributional measures. Models involving multiple indicators of a latent (unmeasured) variable provide a valuable approach to this type of problem. A strategy that gives evidence about the relative merit of several attributional measures is illustrated. In general it appears that the best item of those tested is one asking for ratings of the cause of an event on a scale from dispositional to situational. A question about predicted recurrence of the event serves almost as well, while questions about the actors freedom in, and responsibility for, the event are substantially less adequate measures of an underlying attributional construct.