Frederick Herbert Walker

Cationic polymerization of emulsified epoxy resins

Abstract Whereas free-radical emulsion polymerization has been studied extensively, published reports of cationic (i.e., acid catalyzed) polymerizations of emulsified monomers of any type are rare, and we have found no reported examples of non-reversible emulsion polymerizations catalyzed by Bronsted acids. We recently discovered that treatment of an emulsion of liquid epoxy resin with select superacid catalysts yields polymeric polyols. Catalysis with 1% perchloric acid at room temperature yields a product with a number average molecular weight of 1650, and a polydispersity of 5.0 as measured by gel permeation chromatogram. The polyol’s structure differs from that of conventional high molecular weight epoxy resins prepared by the advancement process in several ways, including the incorporation of two glycidyl units in the repeat unit. The molecular weight of the product depends on the superacid catalyst employed. The product was shown to be much lower in levels of residual bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and bisphenol-A than conventional epoxy resins, which is an issue of significant importance to producers of can linings for foods and beverages. Polyols prepared by this process were cross-linked with melamine–formaldehyde resins to produce water-borne coatings free of added cosolvent that develop excellent solvent resistance at lower bake temperatures than traditional epoxy resins.

Waterborne acrylic-epoxy coatings

Waterborne two-component acrylic-epoxy coatings are gaining popularity as topcoats in moderate duty industrial and high performance architectural (HIPAC) applications. This increased popularity is due to their attractive handling, application, and performance properties, along with their low solvent content and odor. The objectives of this work were to characterize the cure and property development of these coatings, evaluate performance properties of cured films, and investigate a new epoxy resin dispersion in existing acrylic-epoxy formulations. These evaluations confirmed that existing acrylic-epoxy coatings have long pot life and short dry times while displaying a range of chemical resistance and physical properties. IR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results indicated that the extent of cure at ambient conditions over a 21-day period was minimal; however, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and solvent swell results did illustrate noticeable crosslink density development under these conditions. DSC results demonstrated more complete reaction and cure after heating. Direct substitution of a novel epoxy resin dispersion into these formulas resulted in lower required solvent content, shorter dry time, higher gloss, higher crosslink density, and improved water and scrub resistance.

Recent developments in two-pack water-based epoxy coatings

In recent years new curing agent technology has been developed which allows water-based curing agents to be introduced into high performance coating, these are classified according to the type of epoxy resin used. Type I utilises low molecular weight, liquid epoxy resins and Type II pre-formed dispersions of higher molecular weight solid epoxy resins. The chemical composition of the binder of water-borne epoxy coatings plays a critical role in their performance properties, hence some of the structural properties of the amine hardeners will be reviewed. New curing agents will be discussed which demonstrate the versatility these products can offer to the coating formulator. Performance data of clear coats and anti-corrosive primers confirm the applicability of the new systems for the long term protection of steel and concrete surfaces.ZusammenfassungIm jüngsten Jahren wurden neuere Vernetzungsmitteltechnologie, die die Einfuhrung wässriger Vernetzungsmittel in Hochleistungsbeschichtungen ermöglicht entwickelt. Diese Beschichtungsstoffe sind nach der benutzen Epoxidharztype einordnet. Type I benutzt flüssige Epoxidharze und Type II vordispergierte Dispersionen von höhermolekulargewichten Festepoxidharzen. Die chemsche Zusammensetzung des Bindemittel wirkt eine kritische Rolle auf deren Eigenschaften, und deshalb werden einige der Aufbaueigenschaften der Aminhärter überlegt. Es wird neuere Vernetzungsmittel, die die Vielseitigkeit dieser Produkte dem Beschichtungsstoffesformulator bieten können diskutiert. Leistungsdaten der Klarlacke und Korrosionsschutzgrundierungen bestätigen die Anwendungskeit der neueren Systeme zu dem langfristigen Schutz der Oberfläche aus Stahl und Beton.RésuméAu cours des années récentes a-t-on développé de nouveaux agents de réticulation qui permettent l’introduction des agents de réticulation hydrosolubles en produits de peinture de haut rendement. Ceux-ci sont classifiés selon le type de résine époxydique utilisé. Le Type I utilise des résines époxydiques liquides de faible poids moléculaire et le Type II des dispersions faites d’avance à partir des résines époxydiques de poids moléculaire plus élevé. La composition chimique du liant en revêtements époxydiques hydrosolubles joue un rôle critique en ce concerne leurs caractéristiques, ainsi on passera en revue certaines des caractéristiques structurelles des agents de réticulation amines. On discutera les nouveaux agents de réticulation en vue de démontrer leur polyvalence. Des données concernant le rendement de vernis clairs et des primaires anticorrosion confirment que ces nouveaux systèmes conviennent à la protection à long terme des surfaces en acier et en béton.

New polymeric polyol for thermoset coatings: Superacid-catalyzed copolymerization of water and epoxy resins

Though free-radical emulsion polymerization has been studied extensively, published reports of cationic (i.e., acid-catalyzed) polymerizations of emulsified monomers are rare. It was recently discovered that treatment of an emulsion of liquid epoxy resin with select superacid catalysts yields a polymeric polyol. Catalysis with one percent perchloric acid at room temperature yields a product with a number average molecular weight of 1650, and a polydispersity of 5.0 as measured by GPC. The polyol’s structure differs from that of conventional high molecular weight epoxy resins prepared by the advancement process in several ways, including the incorporation of two glycidyl units in the repeat unit. In essence, the product is a copolymer of the epoxy resin and water, in which water is incorporated in the repeat unit structure by reaction with two epoxide groups. A similar product can be prepared by solution polymerization, where the molecular weight is controlled by the ratio of water to epoxy resin. The product was shown to have lower levels of residual bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and bisphenol-A than conventional advanced epoxy resins. Polyols prepared by these new processes were crosslinked with melamine-formaldehyde resins in waterborne coating formulations which were free of added cosolvent, as well as solventborne coating formulations. The coatings developed excellent solvent resistance at lower bake temperatures than traditional epoxy resins.