Freja From Østerstrøm

Atmospheric Chemistry of (CF3)2CHOCH3, (CF3)2CHOCHO, and CF3C(O)OCH3

Smog chambers with in situ FTIR detection were used to measure rate coefficients in 700 Torr of air and 296 ± 2 K of: k(Cl+(CF3)2CHOCH3) = (5.41 ± 1.63) × 10(-12), k(Cl+(CF3)2CHOCHO) = (9.44 ± 1.81) × 10(-15), k(Cl+CF3C(O)OCH3) = (6.28 ± 0.98) × 10(-14), k(OH+(CF3)2CHOCH3) = (1.86 ± 0.41) × 10(-13), and k(OH+(CF3)2CHOCHO) = (2.08 ± 0.63) × 10(-14) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). The Cl atom initiated oxidation of (CF3)2CHOCH3 gives (CF3)2CHOCHO in a yield indistinguishable from 100%. The OH radical initiated oxidation of (CF3)2CHOCH3 gives the following products (molar yields): (CF3)2CHOCHO (76 ± 8)%, CF3C(O)OCH3 (16 ± 2)%, CF3C(O)CF3 (4 ± 1)%, and C(O)F2 (45 ± 5)%. The primary oxidation product (CF3)2CHOCHO reacts with Cl atoms to give secondary products (molar yields): CF3C(O)CF3 (67 ± 7)%, CF3C(O)OCHO (28 ± 3)%, and C(O)F2 (118 ± 12)%. CF3C(O)OCH3 reacts with Cl atoms to give: CF3C(O)OCHO (80 ± 8)% and C(O)F2 (6 ± 1)%. Atmospheric lifetimes of (CF3)2CHOCH3, (CF3)2CHOCHO, and CF3C(O)OCH3 were estimated to be 62 days, 1.5 years, and 220 days, respectively. The 100-year global warming potentials (GWPs) for (CF3)2CHOCH3, (CF3)2CHOCHO, and CF3C(O)OCH3 are estimated to be 6, 121, and 46, respectively. A comprehensive description of the atmospheric fate of (CF3)2CHOCH3 is presented.

Atmospheric chemistry of Z- and E-CF3CHCHCF3

The atmospheric fates of Z- and E-CF3CHCHCF3 have been studied, investigating the kinetics and the products of the reactions of the two compounds with Cl atoms, OH radicals, OD radicals, and O3. FTIR smog chamber experiments measured: k(Cl + Z-CF3CHCHCF3) = (2.59 ± 0.47) × 10−11, k(Cl + E-CF3CHCHCF3) = (1.36 ± 0.27) × 10−11, k(OH + Z-CF3CHCHCF3) = (4.21 ± 0.62) × 10−13, k(OH + E-CF3CHCHCF3) = (1.72 ± 0.42) × 10−13, k(OD + Z-CF3CHCHCF3) = (6.94 ± 1.25) × 10−13, k(OD + E-CF3CHCHCF3) = (5.61 ± 0.98) × 10−13, k(O3 + Z-CF3CHCHCF3) = (6.25 ± 0.70) × 10−22, and k(O3 + E-CF3CHCHCF3) = (4.14 ± 0.42) × 10−22 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 in 700 Torr of air/N2/O2 diluents at 296 ± 2 K. E-CF3CHCHCF3 reacts with Cl atoms to give CF3CHClC(O)CF3 in a yield indistinguishable from 100%. Z-CF3CHCHCF3 reacts with Cl atoms to give (95 ± 10)% CF3CHClC(O)CF3 and (7 ± 1)% E-CF3CHCHCF3. CF3CHClC(O)CF3 reacts with Cl atoms to give the secondary product CF3C(O)Cl in a yield indistinguishable from 100%, with the observed co-products C(O)F2 and CF3O3CF3. The main atmospheric fate for Z- and E-CF3CHCHCF3 is reaction with OH radicals. The atmospheric lifetimes of Z- and E-CF3CHCHCF3 are estimated as 27 and 67 days, respectively. IR absorption cross sections are reported and the global warming potentials (GWPs) of Z- and E-CF3CHCHCF3 for the 100 year time horizon are calculated to be GWP100 = 2 and 7, respectively. This study provides a comprehensive description of the atmospheric fate and impact of Z- and E-CF3CHCHCF3.

Atmospheric Chemistry of Tetrahydrofuran, 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran, and 2,5-Dimethyltetrahydrofuran: Kinetics of Reactions with Chlorine Atoms, OD Radicals, and Ozone

FTIR smog chamber techniques were used to study the kinetics of the gas-phase reactions of Cl atoms, OD radicals, and O3 with the five-membered ring-structured compounds tetrahydrofuran (C4H8O, THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (CH3C4H7O, 2-MTHF), 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran ((CH3)2C4H5O, 2,5-DMTHF), and furan (C4H4O). The rate coefficients determined using relative rate methods were kTHF+Cl = (1.96 ± 0.24) × 10(-10), kTHF+OD = (1.81 ± 0.27) × 10(-11), kTHF+O3 = (6.41 ± 2.90) × 10(-21), k2-MTHF+Cl = (2.65 ± 0.43) × 10(-10), k2-MTHF+OD = (2.41 ± 0.51) × 10(-11), k2-MTHF+O3 = (1.87 ± 0.82) × 10(-20), k2,5-DMTHF+OD = (4.56 ± 0.68) × 10(-11), k2,5-DMTHF+Cl = (2.84 ± 0.34) × 10(-10), k2,5-DMTHF+O3 = (4.58 ± 2.18), kfuran+Cl = (2.39 ± 0.27) × 10(-10), and kfuran+O3 = (2.60 ± 0.31) × 10(-18) molecules cm(-3) s(-1). Rate coefficients of the reactions with ozone were also determined using the absolute rate method under pseudo-first-order conditions. OD radicals, in place of OH radicals, were produced from CD3ONO to avoid spectral overlap of isopropyl and methyl nitrite with the reactants. The kinetics of OD radical reactions are expected to resemble the kinetics of OH radical reactions, and the rate coefficients of the reactions with OD radicals were used to calculate the atmospheric lifetimes with respect to reactions with OH radicals. The lifetimes of THF, 2-MTHF, and 2,5-DMTHF are approximately 15, 12, and 6 h, respectively.

Reactions of Three Lactones with Cl, OD, and O3: Atmospheric Impact and Trends in Furan Reactivity

Lactones, cyclic esters of hydroxycarboxylic acids, are interesting biofuel candidates as they can be made from cellulosic biomass and have favorable physical and chemical properties for distribution and use. The reactions of γ-valerolactone (GVL), γ-crotonolactone (2(5H)-F), and α-methyl-γ-crotonolactone (3M-2(5H)-F) with Cl, OD, and O3 were investigated in a static chamber at 700 Torr and 298 ± 2 K. The relative rate method was used to determine kGVL+Cl = (4.56 ± 0.51) × 10-11, kGVL+OD = (2.94 ± 0.41) × 10-11, k2(5H)-F+Cl = (2.94 ± 0.41) × 10-11, k2(5H)-F+OD = (4.06 ± 0.073) × 10-12, k3M-2(5H)-F+Cl = (16.1 ± 1.8) × 10-11, and k3M-2(5H)-F+OD = (12.6 ± 0.52) × 10-12, all rate coefficients in units of cm3 molecule-1 s-1. An absolute rate method was used to determine k2(5H)-F+O3 = (6.73 ± 0.18) × 10-20 and k3M-2(5H)-F+O3 = (5.42 ± 1.23) × 10-19 in units of cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Products were identified for reactions of the lactones with Cl. In the presence of O2 the products are formic acid (HCOOH), formyl chloride (CHClO), and phosgene (CCl2O), and also maleic anhydride (C2H2(CO)2O) for 2(5H)-F. In addition both reactions produced a number of unidentified products that likely belong to molecules with the ring-structure intact. A review of literature data for reactions of other furans show that the reactivity of the lactones are generally lower compared to that of corresponding compounds without the carbonyl group.

Atmospheric chemistry of Z- and E-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3.

The atmospheric fates of Z- and E-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3 have been studied, investigating the kinetics and the products of the reactions of the two compounds with Cl atoms, OH radicals, OD radicals, and O3. FTIR smog chamber experiments measured: k(Cl + Z-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3) = (2.59 ± 0.47) × 10-11, k(Cl + E-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3) = (1.36 ± 0.27) × 10-11, k(OH + Z-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3) = (4.21 ± 0.62) × 10-13, k(OH + E-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3) = (1.72 ± 0.42) × 10-13, k(OD + Z-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3) = (6.94 ± 1.25) × 10-13, k(OD + E-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3) = (5.61 ± 0.98) × 10-13, k(O3 + Z-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3) = (6.25 ± 0.70) × 10-22, and k(O3 + E-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3) = (4.14 ± 0.42) × 10-22 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 in 700 Torr of air/N2/O2 diluents at 296 ± 2 K. E-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3 reacts with Cl atoms to give CF3CHClC(O)CF3 in a yield indistinguishable from 100%. Z-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3 reacts with Cl atoms to give (95 ± 10)% CF3CHClC(O)CF3 and (7 ± 1)% E-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3. CF3CHClC(O)CF3 reacts with Cl atoms to give the secondary product CF3C(O)Cl in a yield indistinguishable from 100%, with the observed co-products C(O)F2 and CF3O3CF3. The main atmospheric fate for Z- and E-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3 is reaction with OH radicals. The atmospheric lifetimes of Z- and E-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3 are estimated as 27 and 67 days, respectively. IR absorption cross sections are reported and the global warming potentials (GWPs) of Z- and E-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3 for the 100 year time horizon are calculated to be GWP100 = 2 and 7, respectively. This study provides a comprehensive description of the atmospheric fate and impact of Z- and E-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHCF3.