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Dive into the research topics where Fridtjof Nüsslin is active.

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Featured researches published by Fridtjof Nüsslin.


Medical Physics | 2003

A virtual photon energy fluence model for Monte Carlo dose calculation.

Matthias Fippel; Freddy Haryanto; Oliver Steffen Dohm; Fridtjof Nüsslin; Stephan Kriesen

The presented virtual energy fluence (VEF) model of the patient-independent part of the medical linear accelerator heads, consists of two Gaussian-shaped photon sources and one uniform electron source. The planar photon sources are located close to the bremsstrahlung target (primary source) and to the flattening filter (secondary source), respectively. The electron contamination source is located in the plane defining the lower end of the filter. The standard deviations or widths and the relative weights of each source are free parameters. Five other parameters correct for fluence variations, i.e., the horn or central depression effect. If these parameters and the field widths in the X and Y directions are given, the corresponding energy fluence distribution can be calculated analytically and compared to measured dose distributions in air. This provides a method of fitting the free parameters using the measurements for various square and rectangular fields and a fixed number of monitor units. The next step in generating the whole set of base data is to calculate monoenergetic central axis depth dose distributions in water which are used to derive the energy spectrum by deconvolving the measured depth dose curves. This spectrum is also corrected to take the off-axis softening into account. The VEF model is implemented together with geometry modules for the patient specific part of the treatment head (jaws, multileaf collimator) into the XVMC dose calculation engine. The implementation into other Monte Carlo codes is possible based on the information in this paper. Experiments are performed to verify the model by comparing measured and calculated dose distributions and output factors in water. It is demonstrated that open photon beams of linear accelerators from two different vendors are accurately simulated using the VEF model. The commissioning procedure of the VEF model is clinically feasible because it is based on standard measurements in air and water. It is also useful for IMRT applications because a full Monte Carlo simulation of the treatment head would be too time-consuming for many small fields.


Physics in Medicine and Biology | 2003

A revision of the γ-evaluation concept for the comparison of dose distributions

Annemarie Bakai; Markus Alber; Fridtjof Nüsslin

A method for the quantitative four-dimensional (4D) evaluation of discrete dose data based on gradient-dependent local acceptance thresholds is presented. The method takes into account the local dose gradients of a reference distribution for critical appraisal of misalignment and collimation errors. These contribute to the maximum tolerable dose error at each evaluation point to which the local dose differences between comparison and reference data are compared. As shown, the presented concept is analogous to the γ-concept of Low et al (1998a Med. Phys. 25 656–61) if extended to (3+1) dimensions. The pointwise dose comparisons of the reformulated concept are easier to perform and speed up the evaluation process considerably, especially for fine-grid evaluations of 3D dose distributions. The occurrences of false negative indications due to the discrete nature of the data are reduced with the method. The presented method was applied to film-measured, clinical data and compared with γ-evaluations. 4D and 3D evaluations were performed. Comparisons prove that 4D evaluations have to be given priority, especially if complex treatment situations are verified, e.g., non-coplanar beam configurations.


Methods of Information in Medicine | 2008

Informatics and medicine. From molecules to populations.

Klaus A. Kuhn; Alois Knoll; Hans-Werner Mewes; Markus Schwaiger; Arndt Bode; Manfred Broy; H. Daniel; Hubertus Feussner; R. Gradinger; Hans Hauner; Heinz Höfler; Bernhard Holzmann; Alexander Horsch; Alfons Kemper; Helmut Krcmar; Eberhard Kochs; Ruediger Lange; Reiner Leidl; Ulrich Mansmann; Ernst W. Mayr; Thomas Meitinger; Michael Molls; Nassir Navab; Fridtjof Nüsslin; Christian Peschel; Maximilian F. Reiser; Johannes Ring; Ej. Rummeny; J. Schlichter; Roland M. Schmid

OBJECTIVES To clarify challenges and research topics for informatics in health and to describe new approaches for interdisciplinary collaboration and education. METHODS Research challenges and possible solutions were elaborated by scientists of two universities using an interdisciplinary approach, in a series of meetings over several months. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In order to translate scientific results from bench to bedside and further into an evidence-based and efficient health system, intensive collaboration is needed between experts from medicine, biology, informatics, engineering, public health, as well as social and economic sciences. Research challenges can be attributed to four areas: bioinformatics and systems biology, biomedical engineering and informatics, health informatics and individual healthcare, and public health informatics. In order to bridge existing gaps between different disciplines and cultures, we suggest focusing on interdisciplinary education, taking an integrative approach and starting interdisciplinary practice at early stages of education.


Physics in Medicine and Biology | 2001

A variable fluence step clustering and segmentation algorithm for step and shoot IMRT

W Bär; Markus Alber; Fridtjof Nüsslin

A step and shoot sequencer was developed that can be integrated into an IMRT optimization algorithm. The method uses non-uniform fluence steps and is adopted to the constraints of an MLC. It consists of a clustering, a smoothing and a segmentation routine. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated for eight mathematical profiles of differing complexity and two optimized profiles of a clinical prostate case. The results in terms of stability, flexibility, speed and conformity fulfil the criteria for the integration into the optimization concept. The performance of the clustering routine is compared with another previously published one (Bortfeld et al 1994 Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Ph.vs. 28 723-30) and yields slightly better results in terms of mean and maximum deviation between the optimized and the clustered protile. We discuss the specific attributes of the algorithm concerning its integration into the optimization concept.


Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie | 2006

High-precision radiation therapy with integrated biological imaging and tumor monitoring: evolution of the Munich concept and future research options.

Anca L. Grosu; Michael Molls; Frank Zimmermann; Hans Geinitz; Fridtjof Nüsslin; Markus Schwaiger; Carsten Nieder

Purpose:To describe an emerging concept of high-precision radiotherapy, a modality characterized by adaptation to patient and organ movements, which might occur between fractions or even during radiation delivery.Methods and Results:Today’s unprecedented technical capabilities to visualize the target volume and create conformal dose distributions allow for avoidance of critical structures or targeted treatment intensification within a conventionally imaged, anatomically defined tumor. The success of selective dose escalation depends on (1) correct staging and target volume identification, which can be improved by biological imaging, and (2) identification of biologically relevant subvolumes, which determine tumor control. Current efforts are directed at different methods, such as positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and integrating them into treatment planning.Conclusion:Early clinical trials assessing the safety and efficacy of image- and biology-guided radiotherapy are ongoing. The same modalities might be used to determine the individual tumor response during treatment and to adapt therapy. Temporal changes in tumor biology, which might represent both a challenge and a chance with regard to adaptation of treatment, need to be addressed in greater detail.Ziel:Beschreibung eines in der Entwicklung befindlichen Konzepts zur Hochpräzisionsbestrahlung, einer Behandlungsmodalität, welche die Lagevariabilität des Patienten und die Organbeweglichkeit zwischen den einzelnen Fraktionen und während einer Einzelfraktion berücksichtigt. Methodik und Ergebnisse:Die aktuellen Techniken zur Darstellung des Zielvolumens und zur Berechnung konformaler Dosisverteilungen ermöglichen die Schonung kritischer Strukturen oder die gezielte Intensivierung der Behandlung innerhalb eines konventionell anatomisch definierten Zielvolumens. Der Erfolg einer selektiven Dosiseskalation hängt 1. vom korrekten Staging und von der Festlegung des Zielvolumens, die durch biologische Bildgebung verbessert werden, und 2. von der tatsächliche Darstellung biologisch relevanter Tumorsubvolumina, welche die Tumorkontrollwahrscheinlichkeit bestimmen, ab (Abbildung 1). Gegenwärtig werden verschiedene Methoden in die Bestrahlungsplanung einbezogen, z. B. Positronenemissionstomographie und Magnetresonanzspektroskopie.Schlussfolgerung:Klinische Pilotstudien zur Bewertung der Sicherheit und Effektivität dieser Therapie haben begonnen. Außerdem können dieselben Methoden das individuelle Ansprechen von Tumoren im Verlauf der Behandlung erfassen und dadurch Änderungen begründen. Die zeitlichen Veränderungen der Tumorbiologie (Abbildung 2) müssen aber noch detaillierter untersucht werden, da sie sowohl eine Herausforderung als auch eine Chance bezüglich der Behandlungsanpassung sein können (Abbildung 3).


Physics in Medicine and Biology | 2003

Smoothing Monte Carlo calculated dose distributions by iterative reduction of noise

Matthias Fippel; Fridtjof Nüsslin

A smoothing algorithm based on an optimization procedure is presented and evaluated for single electron and photon beams and a full intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) delivery. The algorithm iteratively reduces the statistical noise of Monte Carlo (MC) calculated dose distributions. It is called IRON (iterative reduction of noise). By varying the dose in each voxel, the algorithm minimizes the second partial derivatives of dose with respect to X, Y and Z. An additional restoration term ensures that too large dose changes are prevented. IRON requires a MC calculated one-dimensional or three-dimensional dose distribution with or without known statistical uncertainties as input. The algorithm is tested using three different treatment plan examples, a photon beam dose distribution in water, an IMRT plan of a real patient and an electron beam dose distribution in a water phantom with inhomogeneities. It is shown that smoothing can lead to an additional reduction of MC calculation time by factors of 2 to 10. This is especially useful if MC dose calculation is part of an inverse treatment planning system. In addition to this, it is shown that smoothing a noisy dose distribution may introduce some bias into the final dose values by converting the statistical uncertainty of the dose distribution into a systematic deviation of the dose value.


Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie | 2006

High-Precision Radiation Therapy with Integrated Biological Imaging and Tumor Monitoring

Anca L. Grosu; Michael Molls; Frank Zimmermann; Hans Geinitz; Fridtjof Nüsslin; Markus Schwaiger; Carsten Nieder

Purpose:To describe an emerging concept of high-precision radiotherapy, a modality characterized by adaptation to patient and organ movements, which might occur between fractions or even during radiation delivery.Methods and Results:Today’s unprecedented technical capabilities to visualize the target volume and create conformal dose distributions allow for avoidance of critical structures or targeted treatment intensification within a conventionally imaged, anatomically defined tumor. The success of selective dose escalation depends on (1) correct staging and target volume identification, which can be improved by biological imaging, and (2) identification of biologically relevant subvolumes, which determine tumor control. Current efforts are directed at different methods, such as positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and integrating them into treatment planning.Conclusion:Early clinical trials assessing the safety and efficacy of image- and biology-guided radiotherapy are ongoing. The same modalities might be used to determine the individual tumor response during treatment and to adapt therapy. Temporal changes in tumor biology, which might represent both a challenge and a chance with regard to adaptation of treatment, need to be addressed in greater detail.Ziel:Beschreibung eines in der Entwicklung befindlichen Konzepts zur Hochpräzisionsbestrahlung, einer Behandlungsmodalität, welche die Lagevariabilität des Patienten und die Organbeweglichkeit zwischen den einzelnen Fraktionen und während einer Einzelfraktion berücksichtigt. Methodik und Ergebnisse:Die aktuellen Techniken zur Darstellung des Zielvolumens und zur Berechnung konformaler Dosisverteilungen ermöglichen die Schonung kritischer Strukturen oder die gezielte Intensivierung der Behandlung innerhalb eines konventionell anatomisch definierten Zielvolumens. Der Erfolg einer selektiven Dosiseskalation hängt 1. vom korrekten Staging und von der Festlegung des Zielvolumens, die durch biologische Bildgebung verbessert werden, und 2. von der tatsächliche Darstellung biologisch relevanter Tumorsubvolumina, welche die Tumorkontrollwahrscheinlichkeit bestimmen, ab (Abbildung 1). Gegenwärtig werden verschiedene Methoden in die Bestrahlungsplanung einbezogen, z. B. Positronenemissionstomographie und Magnetresonanzspektroskopie.Schlussfolgerung:Klinische Pilotstudien zur Bewertung der Sicherheit und Effektivität dieser Therapie haben begonnen. Außerdem können dieselben Methoden das individuelle Ansprechen von Tumoren im Verlauf der Behandlung erfassen und dadurch Änderungen begründen. Die zeitlichen Veränderungen der Tumorbiologie (Abbildung 2) müssen aber noch detaillierter untersucht werden, da sie sowohl eine Herausforderung als auch eine Chance bezüglich der Behandlungsanpassung sein können (Abbildung 3).


Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie | 2002

Untersuchungen zur Positionierungsgenauigkeit bei Prostatakonformationsbestrahlungen mittels Portal-Imaging

Annemarie Bakai; Frank Paulsen; Ludwig Plasswilm; Michael Bamberg; Fridtjof Nüsslin

Hintergrund: Konformationstechniken, wie sie heutzutage routinemäßig für Patienten mit Prostatakarzinom angewandt werden, erlauben, durch Adaption der Bestrahlungsfelder an das Planungszielvolumen (PTV) umliegendes Normalgewebe zu schonen. Um die Vorteile dieser Techniken jedoch vollständig nutzen zu können, ist die korrekte Patientenpositionierung eine wichtige Voraussetzung. In dieser Studie wurde mittels Portal-Imaging (EPID) untersucht, welche Positionierungsgenauigkeiten im Beckenbereich unter Verwendung unterschiedlicher Lagerungshilfen möglich sind. Patienten und Methode: Für die Studie wurden 15 Patienten mit Prostatakarzinom auswählen, die teils mit, teils ohne Rektumballon bzw. Beckenmaske an einem Linearbeschleuniger mit Viellamellenblenden (MLC) bestrahlt wurden. Von jedem Patienten wurden mehrfach aus orthogonalen Richtungen mittels eines Portal-Imaging-Systems Aufnahmen angefertit und anschließend mit den Planungs-DRRs (Digitally Reconstructed Radiographs) sowie den Simulationsaufnahmen verglichen. Ergebnisse: Trotz unterschiedlicher Lagerungshilfen konnten für sämtliche Patientengruppen Gesamtpositionierungsungenauigkeiten von durchschnittlich 4,0 mm (lateral), 4,5 mm (kraniokaudal) sowie 17 mm (dorsoventral) festgestellt werden. Mit Beckenmaske war der laterale Positionierungsfehler zwar reduziert, gleichzeitig jedoch der kraniokaudale Positionierungsfehler verstärkt. Der Gesamtpositionierungsfehler teilte sich dabei in einen systematischen und einen statistischen Anteil auf, für deren verlässliche Abschätzung sechs bis acht EPID-Aufnahmen erforderlich waren. Schlussfolgerungen: Mittels Portal-Imaging ist es möglich, aus einer geringen Anzahl von Verifikationsaufnahmen für jeden Patienten den systematischen und statistischen Positionierungsfehler zu ermitteln. Der erfolgreiche Einsatz von Lagerungshilfen zur Patientenpositionierung erfordert jedoch – insbesondere im Hinblick auf IMRT – eine weitere Optimierung.Background: Conformal radiotherapy techniques as used in prostate treatment allow to spare normal tissue by conforming the radiation fields to the shape of the planning target volume (PTV). To be able to fully utilize the advantages of these techniques correct patient positioning is an important prerequisite. This study employing an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) investigated the positioning uncertainties that occur in the pelvic region for different patient positioning devices. Patients and Methods: 15 patients with prostate cancer were irradiated with or without rectal balloon /pelvic mask at a linear accelerator with multileaf collimator (MLC). For each patient multiple portal images were taken from different directions and compared to the digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) of the treatment planning system and to simulation films (Table 1, Figure 1). Results: In spite of different positioning devices, all patients showed comparable total positioning uncertainties of 4.0 mm (lateral), 4.5 mm (cranio-caudal) and 1.7 mm (dorso-ventral). The lateral positioning error was reduced for the pelvic mask patients while the cranio-caudal error increased (Table 2, Figure 2). A systematic and a random component sum up to the total positioning error, and a good estimate of the magnitudes of the two is possible from six to eight portal images (Figure 3). Conclusions: With a small number of portal images it is possible to find out the systematic and random positioning error of a patient. Knowledge of the random error can be used to resize the treatment margin which is clinically relevant since this error differs greatly for different patients (Figure 4). Image analysis with EPID is convenient, yet has some problems. For example, one only gets indirect information on the movement of the ventral rectum wall (Figure 5). The successful operation of positioning devices, although, needs further improvement – especially if one focuses on IMRT.


Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie | 2002

Physikalische Grundlagen und klinische Durchführung der interstitiellen Brachytherapie der Prostata mit Jod-125

Theodor W. Kaulich; Ulf Lamprecht; Frank Paulsen; Frank Kahmann; Uwe Maurer; Thomas Henkel; Wolfgang Loeser; Karl-Horst Bichler; Fridtjof Nüsslin; Michael Bamberg

Hintergrund: Durch interstitielle Brachytherapie mit Jod-125-Seeds kann das lokal begrenzte Prostatakarzinom erfolgreich therapiert werden. Es wird die Technik der transperinealen Permanentimplantation von Jod-125-Seeds mit intraoperativer Bestrahlungsplanung vorgestellt, die für eine Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms bis zum Studium T2a geeignet ist. Material und Methode: Einige Wochen vor der Seedimplantation wird mithilfe von transrektalem Ultraschall (TRUS) das Prostatavolumen bestimmt, um die benötigte Anzal der Jod-125-Seeds abzuschätzen. Zu Beginn der Behandlung wird die Prostata durch zwei perineal gesetzte Nadeln fixiert. Anschließend wird eine ultraschallbasierte, intraoperative Bestrahlungsplanung durchgeführt, mit der die Verteilung der Seeds in der Prostata optimiert wird. Zur interstitiellen Brachytherapie werden RAPID STRANDS® verwendet, d. h. die Jod-125-Seeds sind in einem versteiften Vicrylgewebe in 1-cm-Abständen eingebettet. Bei der Applikation der Jod-125-Seeds wird die transversale Positionierung der Applikationsnadeln mit TRUS und die kraniokaudale Positionierung der Applikationsnadeln mithilfe einer Durchleuchtungseinheit und TRUS überwacht. Ungefähr 4 Wochen nach der Seedimplantation wird mithilfe von CT-Schichtbildern eine postoperative Berechnung der Dosisverteilung der applizierten Seeds durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Das Verfahren hat den Vorteil, dass Ultraschallbildaufnahme, Bestrahlungsplanung und Seedapplikation bei unveränderter Prostatalage durchgeführt werden. Bei der Applikation ermöglicht die kombinierte Bildgebung aus TRUS und Durchleuchtung eine sichere Platzierung der Seeds in der Prostata. Schlussfolgerung: Die Methoden zur Berechnung der tatsächlich erreichten Dosisverteilung müssen noch optimiert werden, da die postoperative Überprüfung des individuellen Ergebnisses bisher nur mit methodisch bedingten Schwierigkeiten möglich ist.Background: Interstitial brachytherapy with I-125 seeds can be used for successful treatment of early stage prostate cancer. There is presented the technique of permanent transperineal implantation of I-125 seeds with intraoperative treatment planning which is suited for the treatment of prostate cancer up to the clinical stage of T2a. Material and Methods: Some weeks before the implantation of the seeds the prostate volume is determined using transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) so as to estimate the required number of I-125 seeds. At the outset of the treatment the prostate is stabilized by two perineally inserted needles. Subsequently there is carried out an ultrasound guided treatment planning that allows to optimize the distribution of the seeds within the prostate. In interstitial brachytherapy we use RAPID STRANDS®, i. e. the I-125 seeds are embedded in vicryl suture at distances of 1 cm. During implantation of the I-125 seeds the transversal placement of the applicator needles is controlled by TRUS and the cranio-caudal placement of the applicator needles is controlled using the fluoroscopic unit as well as TRUS. About 4 weeks after the implantation of the seeds there is carried out a postoperative computation of the dose distribution of the implant using CT imaging. Results: The procedure possesses the advantage that ultrasound imaging, treatment planning and seed implantation are carried out with the prostate remaining in an unaltered position. During implantation the combined imaging of TRUS and fluoroscopy allows a safe placement of the seeds with in the prostate. Conclusion: The methods for the calculation of the actually attained dose distribution must still be optimized, because the postoperative examination of the individual results has so far been possible only with difficulties resulting from methodological inconveniences.


Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie | 2004

Study on the Tongue and Groove Effect of the Elekta Multileaf Collimator Using Monte Carlo Simulation and Film Dosimetry

Freddy Haryanto; Matthias Fippel; Annemarie Bakai; Fridtjof Nüsslin

Background:Nowadays, multileaf collimation of the treatment fields from medical linear accelerators is a common option. Due to the design of the leaf sides, the tongue and groove effect occurs for certain multileaf collimator applications such as the abutment of fields where the beam edges are defined by the sides of the leaves.Material and Methods:In this study, the tongue and groove effect was measured for two pairs of irregular multileaf collimator fields that were matched along leaf sides in two steps. Measurements were made at 10 cm depth in a polystyrene phantom using Kodak EDR2 films for a photon beam energy of 6 MV on an Elekta Sli-plus accelerator. To verify the measurements, full Monte Carlo simulations were done. In the simulations, the design of the leaf sides was taken into account and one component module of BEAM code was modified to correctly simulate the Elekta multileaf collimator.Results and Conclusion:The results of measurements and simulations are in good agreement and within the tolerance of film dosimetry.Hintergrund:Heutzutage werden zunehmend Lamellenkollimatoren für die Kollimierung von Strahlenfeldern eingesetzt. Zwar erreicht man mit Lamellenkollimatoren eine bessere Anpassung der Dosisverteilung an die Form des Zielvolumens, jedoch ist ihre Verwendung auch mit einigen Problemen bei der Dosisberechnung verbunden. Eines dieser Probleme, der Nut-und-Feder-Effekt, wird in dieser Arbeit untersucht. Dieser Effekt ist besonders bedeutsam, wenn Feldanschlüsse zweier Felder bei einer Bestrahlung vorgesehen sind.Material und Methodik:Zur Untersuchung dieses Effekts wurden zwei Konfigurationen mit unregelmäßigen Paarfeldern eingesetzt. Die Messungen erfolgten in einem Polystyrol-Phantom mit Kodak-EDR2-Filmen bei 6-MV-Photonenstrahlung an einem Elekta- Linearbeschleuniger (Sli-plus). Um die Messungen zu verifizieren, wurde der Beschleunigerkopf mit Hilfe des BEAM-Programms modelliert. Zur Berücksichtigung des Nut-und-Feder-Effekts wurde das BEAM-Programm entsprechend der Bauart des Elekta-Kollimators modifiziert.Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung:Messungen und Dosisberechnungen der Monte-Carlo-Simulation ergaben eine gute Übereinstimmung.

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Peter Vaupel

Technische Universität München

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D Followill

University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

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