Fujun Yang

Phase extraction from a single fringe pattern based on guidance of an extreme map

A method for automatic phase extraction from a single fringe pattern based on the guidance of an extreme map is introduced. The method uses an adaptive weighted filter to reduce noise and enhance contrast and to locate the fringe extremes. Wrapped phase values are calculated by use of an arccosine function obtained from the extreme map. With this method, wrapped phase values can be efficiently demodulated from a single fringe pattern without the need for assigning fringe order or interpolating fractional fringe order. The validity of the method is demonstrated by use of closed-fringe patterns generated by digital speckle interferometry.

Two-step phase-shifting fringe projection profilometry: intensity derivative approach

A new two-step phase-shifting fringe projection profilometry is proposed. The slowly variable background intensity of fringe patterns is removed by the use of an intensity differential algorithm. The high-resolution differential algorithm is achieved based on global interpolation of fringe gray level on a subpixel scale. Compared with the traditional three- or four-step phase-shifting method, the profile measurement is sped up with this approach. Computer simulation and experimental performance are evaluated to demonstrate the validity of the proposed measurement method. The experimental results compared with those of the four-step phase-shifting method are presented.

Single-shot color fringe projection for three-dimensional shape measurement of objects with discontinuities

A simple but effective fringe projection profilometry is proposed to measure 3D shape by using one snapshot color sinusoidal fringe pattern. One color fringe pattern encoded with a sinusoidal fringe (as red component) and one uniform intensity pattern (as blue component) is projected by a digital video projector, and the deformed fringe pattern is recorded by a color CCD camera. The captured color fringe pattern is separated into its RGB components and division operation is applied to red and blue channels to reduce the variable reflection intensity. Shape information of the tested object is decoded by applying an arcsine algorithm on the normalized fringe pattern with subpixel resolution. In the case of fringe discontinuities caused by height steps, or spatially isolated surfaces, the separated blue component is binarized and used for correcting the phase demodulation. A simple and robust method is also introduced to compensate for nonlinear intensity response of the digital video projector. The experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.

Characterization of dynamic microgyroscopes by use of temporal digital image correlation

The advanced mechanical testing of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is necessary to provide feedback of measurements that can help the designer optimize MEMS structures and improve the reliability and stability of MEMS. We describe a digital image correlation (DIC) method for dynamic characterization of MEMS using an optical microscope with a high-speed complementary metaloxide semiconductor-based camera. The mechanical performance of a series of microgyroscopes is tested. The DIC method is employed to measure the microgyroscope in-plane displacement with subpixel accuracy. Use of the DIC method is less restrictive on the surface quality of the specimen and simplifies the measurement system. On the basis of a series of temporal digital images grabbed by a high-speed camera, the stability characteristic of the microgyroscopes is analyzed. In addition, the quality factors of the microgyroscopes are determined and agree well with other experimental methods.

Calibration of revolution axis for 360 deg surface measurement

Two methods are proposed to calibrate the revolution axis of a 360 deg, multiview fringe projection system for surface measurement. The first method is based on minimizing the distance between calculated and measured points; the second method is based on minimizing the difference between thus obtained vectors. Both are able to retrieve the revolution axis of a turntable, which is then used to transform surface patches measured at different viewing angles to a common coordinate. In the point-based method, a nonlinear minimization problem has to be solved by the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm; in the vector-based method, the minimization problem is resolved into several linear equations, and an analytic solution is obtained efficiently. Results of simulation and experiments show that the error of calibration can be less than 0.05 deg for the axiss orientation and 0.3 mm for the axiss position (a point on the axis), which is about 0.1% of the measured volume.

Extrinsic calibration of a non-overlapping camera network based on close-range photogrammetry.

In this paper, an extrinsic calibration method for a non-overlapping camera network is presented based on close-range photogrammetry. The method does not require calibration targets or the cameras to be moved. The visual sensors are relatively motionless and do not see the same area at the same time. The proposed method combines the multiple cameras using some arbitrarily distributed encoded targets. The calibration procedure consists of three steps: reconstructing the three-dimensional (3D) coordinates of the encoded targets using a hand-held digital camera, performing the intrinsic calibration of the camera network, and calibrating the extrinsic parameters of each camera with only one image. A series of experiments, including 3D reconstruction, rotation, and translation, are employed to validate the proposed approach. The results show that the relative error for the 3D reconstruction is smaller than 0.003%, the relative errors of both rotation and translation are less than 0.066%, and the re-projection error is only 0.09 pixels.

Shape measurement with modified phase-shift lateral shearing interferometry illumination and radial basis function

Three-dimensional shapes of objects were evaluated with modified phase-shift lateral shearing interferometry illumination and radial basis function. A simple optical system was developed to create the fringe pattern based on the Murty interferometer. The phase shift was generated only by moving a plane-parallel plate along an in-plane parallel direction. A novel moving radial basis function method was presented to improve the quality of fringe patterns. And the proper calculation window size was given based on numerical simulation. Three-dimensional shapes of two kinds of objects were determined to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method, and the reconstructed height distributions were in good accordance with the referenced data.

Investigation on Vibration Response of Aluminum Foam Beams Using Speckle Interferometry

This paper firstly presents a brief review on the representations of speckle fringe pattern in vibration measurement using time-averaged electronic speckle pattern interference (ESPI) method. Based on laser phase noise, a new representation of speckle fringe intensity generated by real-time subtraction ESPI method for vibrating measurement is then proposed. In the experimental performance, the real-time subtraction ESPI method is employed to inspect the vibrating response of a closed-cell aluminum foam cantilever beam. In contract with the results of the finite elemental method simulation, the vibration mode shapes obtained by the ESPI method are well agreed with numerical prediction. The optical vibration analysis is also carried out to determine the effective Young’s modulus of aluminum foam, and the results verify the validation of the ESPI method for investigation on mechanical properties of metal foam materials.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Vibration of Sandwich Plates with Honeycomb Cores Based on Radial Basis Function

The vibration characteristic of the sandwich plate with a honeycomb core was investigated by experimental measurements and numerical calculation based on radial basis function (RBF). RBF method was used not only in the meshless approach but also in the post-processing of the experimental data. During the experiment, amplitude-fluctuation electronic speckle pattern interferometry was applied to access the resonant frequencies and the corresponding vibration mode shapes simultaneously. Then RBF method was used to improve the quality of patterns and reconstruct the out-of-plane vibration amplitude after fringe analysis. As for numerical calculation, the modal parameters were numerically predicted using the first-order shear deformation theory. The computation approach was based on collocation with multi-quadric radial basis function. To understand the influence of the thickness of face sheet on dynamic behaviors, three types of specimens with different thickness were tested and analyzed. Of particular interest was that the vibration modes show veering due to the thickness increment. Furthermore, the numerical predicted results were compared with the experimental measurements for the first five modes. They are in good agreement with each other for resonant frequencies, mode shapes and relative out-of-plane amplitudes.

Planar structures with automatically generated bevel joints

Abstract A generative method based on computer algorithms is proposed to automatically produce parts of planar structures ready for fabrication. The parts resemble surface patches of the digital model of a structure. Each part is generated with bevel joints on the edges so that part-to-part connection is enabled by friction of the joints. The shape of a bevel joint is determined by the interior angle between two parts, and is modelled by a number of parameters, including the thickness of a planar material in use. The bevel joints consist of slanted planes, and in principle when they are assembled, no gap exists on the surface of the physical structure. Due to the slanted planes, the joints cannot be fabricated by a laser cutter that can only produce vertical cuts. We experimented the fabrication with a three-axis CNC router and a 3D printer; both produced accurate and robust parts; however, there is limitation in using a CNC cutter, which is discussed in details.