Funda Taşlı

Human kidney histopathology in acute obstructive jaundice: a prospective study.

Introduction Cholemia and bacterial translocation with portal endotoxemia are integral in the pathogenesis of obstructive jaundice (OJ). There is sufficient experimental data about hemodynamic and histopathological consequences of OJ. In contrast, pathological information of renal changes in patients with OJ is still lacking. Therefore; the primary objective of this prospective study is to show the specific histopathological changes in kidneys of patients with short-term biliary tract obstruction receiving a standard perioperative medical treatment protocol. Materials and methods Twenty consecutive patients with biliary obstruction were included in the study. Fluid replacement, prevention of biliary sepsis, and portal endotoxemia were mainstays of the perioperative treatment protocol. Fluid and electrolyte balance was maintained by twice daily body weight calculations, central venous pressure, and mean arterial pressure monitoring. Renal function was assessed by glomerular filtration rate estimation by modification of diet in renal disease-7 formula. Kidney biopsy evaluation was focused on tubular changes, thrombotic microangiopathy, endothelial damage, and peritubular capillary (PTC) dilatation with or without C4d staining. Fresh frozen sections were evaluated with immunofluorescence microscopy for glomerular IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, and C1q staining. Results The mean duration of OJ was 15.5±1.4 days. Body weight increased before surgery through volume expansion (P=0.001). All patients have shown mean arterial pressure ≥70 and ⩽120 mmHg and renal function was very well preserved in all but one subject during the perioperative period. Despite those favorable figures, dilatation of peritubular venules and acute tubular necrosis were shown synchronously in all cases. C4d staining in PTC and arterioles and thrombotic microangiopathy were entirely absent in the study group. Immune complex deposits in PTCs and in glomeruli were not detected. Three patients had isolated glomerular C4d deposition without accompanying thrombotic microangiopathy and IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, and C1q staining of glomerular capillaries in I immunofluorescence microscopy. Discussion This study is the first in the literature to address the histopathological changes that occur in humans with short-term biliary obstruction. Acute tubular necrosis and venous dilatation was observed in all biopsies, without exception, despite the maintenance of strict volume control in all patients. The adequacy of volume control may not be implicated in those results; rather a possible mechanism related to untrapped endotoxin in the gut lumen or systemic circulation might lead to prolonged PTC dilatation and hypoperfusion with synchronous acute tubular necrosis. Absolute recovery of renal function in all patients and the demonstration of solitary acute tubular necrosis with no microvascular–glomerular–interstitial inflammation or injury, suggests that the perioperative treatment regime in this study is fairly efficacious in short-term OJ.

Comparison of Gram stain and Pap smear procedures in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of Gram stain versus Pap smear in diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV). METHODS: One-thousand and sixty women were enrolled in this study. All cases with symptoms of BV were determined by Amsels criteria, which were accepted as the gold standard for diagnosis of BV. Pap smear and Gram stain evaluations were compared according to Amsels criteria, without viewing the clinical results of the patients. Gram stain and Pap smear results were determined as negative or positive according to Amsels criteria. Sensitivity, specifity and positive predictive values were calculated. RESULTS: After accepting the cases that were diagnosed as BV according to Amsels criteria as reference cases, the sensitivity of the Gram stain method was calculated as 97% and the sensitivity of the Pap smear method as 93%. Similar specificity rates were obtained with both methods in diagnosis of BV related to the clinical results. There were no statistically significant differences in diagnosis of BV between these two groups. CONCLUSION: If Amsels criteria are accepted as the gold standard for diagnosis of BV, Gram stain and Pap smear methods will give similar results in diagnosis.

The role of IgG4 (+) plasma cells in the association of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with papillary carcinoma.

Hashimotos thyroiditis (HT) is considered to be a risk factor for the formation of papillary carcinoma. The association of IgG4‐related sclerosing disease with tumor is reported to be as sporadic cases in many organs. In this study, it was intended to re‐classify the HT diagnosed cases on the basis of the existence of IgG4 (+) plasma cells; to investigate the clinicopathologic and histopathologic features of the both groups; and in addition, to evaluate the papillary carcinoma prevalence in IgG4 (+) and IgG4 (−) HT cases as well as the prognostic parameters between these groups. Totally 59 cases between the years 2008–2013, 29 of which contain Hashimoto thyroiditis diagnosis in total thyroidectomy materials, and 30 of which contain the diagnosis of HT+papillary carcinoma, were included in the study. The materials were immunohistochemically applied IgG and IgG4; and the cases were classified in two groups as IgG4‐positive HT and IgG4‐negative HT containing cases, on the basis of IgG4/IgG rate. All histopathologic and clinicopathologic parameters between these two groups, as well as their association with papillary carcinoma were investigated. Thirty eight (64.4%) of total 59 cases were NonIgG4 thyroiditis, and 21 (35.5%) were IgG4 thyroiditis. Tumors were detected in 14 (36.8%) of the NonIgG4 thyroiditis cases, and in 16 (76.1%) of the IgG4 thyroiditis cases. The association of IgG4 thyroiditis with tumor is statistically significant (p < 0.004). Multifocality was found to be at a higher rate in IgG4 thyroiditis cases. Perithyroidal extension was detected in six of the cases with tumor, and five of the six cases were IgG4 thyroiditis cases. The association of IgG4 (+) HT cases with increased papillary carcinoma prevalence is suggestive of that IgG4 (+) plasma cells can play a role in carcinogenesis in papillary carcinomas developed in HTs, without a chronic sclerosing ground. In addition, although the number of cases is limited, the high‐association of IgG4 (+) plasma cells with adverse prognostic parameters such as multifocality and extrathyroidal extension is attention‐grabbing. To render these possibilities evaluable, studies to be carried out with larger case series are needed.

Progression of graft fibrosis under mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor-based regimen

Aim:  Nephrotoxic potential of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi) is different from calcineurin inhibitors (CNI). The aim of this study is to investigate the interstitial fibrosis (ci) and tubular atrophy (ct) progression from the baseline to first year under a mTORi‐based, CNI‐free regimen.

A Rare Cause of Small Bowel Transection: Metastatic Lung Cancer

Objective: To present a case of small bowel perforation due to metastatic lung cancer. Case Presentation and Intervention: A 78-year-old male patient, who had been diagnosed with lung cancer 3 months earlier, presented to our clinic with acute abdominal pain. He underwent emergency laparotomy. At surgery, there was a circumferential lesion encompassing the ileum with complete transection. There was no obvious macroscopic appearance of metastatic disease. The involved bowel segment was resected and an ileostomy was performed. Postoperative pathologic analysis confirmed metastatic squamous cell carcinoma metastasis to the ileum, arising from the patient’s lung cancer. Conclusion: This case report showed that small bowel metastases should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of lung cancer patients presenting with acute abdominal pain.

Histopathologic findings in breast reduction specimens

Abstract Reduction mammaplasty is a commonly performed operation for treatment of breast hypertrophy. It allows examination of specimens from a seemingly healthy population. Although there are many publications reporting the incidence of occult breast carcinomas, only a few studies have specifically examined the incidence of other breast lesions in reduction mammaplasty specimens. The authors conducted a single-centre retrospective chart review examining the incidence of benign and precancerous lesions in breast reduction specimens. Both age and the number of tissue sections were evaluated for the association with important pathologic findings. Of the 95 patients who underwent reduction mammaplasty, eight patients (8.4%) had atypical lesions. Fourteen patients (15%) had proliferative and 54 patients (57%) had non-proliferative breast lesions. No occult invasive breast cancer was identified in the breast reduction specimens. The existence of significant pathologic findings was not associated with age (p = 0.231, student t-test). On the other hand, it was found to be associated with the number of tissue sections (p = 0.046, Mann-Whitney U-test). This study reveals that breast reduction specimens should be analyzed histologically since a considerable amount of patients have breast lesions with increased cancer risk. Therefore, this analysis would guide the management of these patients in the follow-up period.

A Different Perspective on Macroscopic Sampling of Cholecystectomy Specimens

Background Because there may be interdepartmental differences in macroscopic sampling of cholecystectomy specimens, we aimed to investigate differences between the longitudinal sampling technique and our classical sampling technique in cholecystectomy specimens in which there was no obvious malignancy. Methods Six hundred eight cholecystectomy specimens that were collected between 2011 and 2012 were included in this study. The first group included 273 specimens for which one sample was taken from each of the fundus, body, and neck regions (our classical technique). The second group included 335 specimens for which samples taken from the neck region and lengthwise from the fundus toward the neck were placed together in one cassette (longitudinal sampling). The Pearson chi-square, Fisher exact, and ANOVA tests were used and differences were considered significant at p<.05. Results In the statistical analysis, although gallbladders in the first group were bigger, the average length of the samples taken in the second group was greater. Inflammatory cells, pyloric metaplasia, intestinal metaplasia, low grade dysplasia, and invasive carcinoma were seen more often in the second group. Conclusions In our study, the use of a longitudinal sampling technique enabled us to examine a longer mucosa and to detect more mucosal lesions than did our classical technique. Thus, longitudinal sampling can be an effective technique in detecting preinvasive lesions.

Diagnosis, PET/CT imaging, and treatment of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma in keratinized gingiva: a case report

A 58-year-old patient who smoked and had uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus was referred to our clinic. The patient had a suspicious asymptomatic lesion that was diagnosed as B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Immunohistochemistry revealed intense and diffuse expression of CD20, CD10, BCL-6, and Ki-67. A positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan showed focal pathological uptake of F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose only in the subcutaneous tissue anterior to the left maxillary sinus. After lesion excision and five courses of chemotherapy, PET/CT scans demonstrated complete resolution of the lesion. Smoking, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, and periodontal disease might be predisposing factors for oral NHL.

Pseudo-angiomatous stromal hyperplasia of the breast detecting in mammography: Case report and review of the literature

Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) of the breast is a benign lesion that can present as a palpable nodule or as an incidental finding in breast biopsies. The development of PASH is subject to hormonal influence and is most commonly seen in premenopausal woman. Imaging findings are indistinguishable from those of the more common type of fibroadenoma, and they are categorized as BIRADS type 3 lesions (probably benign lesions). Their benign condition and behavior compared with other similar cases, allows the recommendation that surgical excision be avoided, and the patients monitored with periodic follow-up. Here we report a case of PASH presenting in a 41-years-old woman who had breast mass which was sent for intra-operative frozen-section procedure by surgery to our pathology laboratory.

Glomerular C4d Staining Can Be an Indicator of Disease Activity in Lupus Nephritis

Background: Abnormalities in complement activation and clearance of immune complexes by erythrocytes are the central pathogenic mechanisms in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Serum C4d level, which is a degradation product of complement factor C4, was found to be a sensitive indicator of SLE activity. Our aim was to determine whether glomerular C4d staining could be a useful marker of disease activity in patients with lupus nephritis. Methods: This retrospective study included all consecutive patients who underwent a renal biopsy at our center between January 2005 and December 2009. A total of 29 patients with IgA nephritis were enrolled, and renal biopsy specimens of 24 patients have been evaluated. We evaluated baseline age, sex, hypertension, serum creatinine level, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine protein, and glomerular C4d staining. The primary endpoint of this study was the onset of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the course of study. Results: Fourteen (58%) patients were C4d+ and 10 (42%) patients C4d–. Urinary protein excretion was more elevated in C4d+ group (p = 0.0001). The renal biopsy showed that activity index score >12 was a higher proportion in C4d+ patients. The patients were followed up for 3.5 years. Four patients in the C4d+ group evolved to ESRD in the follow-up, but none of the patients in the C4d– group (p = 0.064). Discussion: We found a relationship between glomerular C4d staining and activity of lupus nephritis. C4d staining may be a useful marker to predict the prognosis of lupus nephritis.