G. Bellia

MEDEA: a multi element detector array for gamma ray and light charged particle detection at the LNS-Catania

Abstract A 4 π highly granular Mutli Element DEtector Array (MEDEA) for γ-rays and light charged particles is described. Its basic configuration consists of 180 barium fluoride scintillator crystals, arranged in the shape of a ball, plus a forward angle wall of 120 phoswich detectors. The inner radius of the ball (22 cm) and the distance of the wall from the target (55 cm) allow the placement of other detectors.in the inner volume. The whole detection system operates under vacuum inside a large scattering chamber. Dedicated electronics has been designed and realized. It includes a powerful hardware second level trigger and preanalysis system, which allows on-line event selection, and a modular VME-bus based data acquisition system. In-beam performances of the system are also described.

BaF2 scintillator: A stand-alone detector for γ-rays and light charged particles

Abstract The performances of thick (≥ 10 cm) BaF 2 crystals as detectors for γ-rays and light charged particles have been tested. The capability of BaF 2 of identifying Z = 1 particles by itself alone is shown. A new method to perform γ-particle and particle mass discrimination to be used in multiple coincidence experiments with highly segmented detection system is presented.

Strong impact parameter dependence of hard photon production in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions

Abstract The dependence of the high energy photon production on the impact parameter has been investigated in the reaction 129 Xe+ 197 Au at 44 MeV/u using the multidetector array MEDEA. A strong dependence of the high energy photon production probability on the impact parameter has been observed, while the slope parameter of the photon spectrum is almost constant. The data support the interpretation of the hard photon production in terms of first chance n-p collisions.

The HADES time-of-flight wall

In the framework of the High Acceptance DiElectron Spectrometer collaboration a Time-of-Flight wall subdetector has been developed. In order to efficiently select rare events with dilepton pairs produced in the nuclear matter, in a high hadron multiplicity environment, such a wall must be able to resolve electrons from pions up to 0.5 GeV/c and from protons up to 2 GeV/c. The short flight path of about 2 m requires a time resolution better than 150 ps, while impact position and multiplicity measurements need adequate granularity. These requirements have been fulfilled by employing scintillator rods read-out at both ends by photomultipliers.

On the origin of fast proton emission in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions

Abstract Exclusive measurements of multiplicity distributions of fast protons emitted in 40Ar and 132Xe induced reactions at 44 MeV/u bombarding energy have been performed using MEDEA 4π detection sytem. The data reflect the impact parameter dependence of the overlap region size and scale from system to system as the number of participant protons. The hypothesis of pre-equilibrium emission following first order p-N collisions is consistent with the data.

Response of the BaF2 scintillator to light charged particles

The response of a large BaF2 scintillator crystal in terms of analog output and energy resolution dependence on the light charged particles kinetic energy in the 4–150 MeV/u range has been investigated. The occurrence of loss mechanisms in the kinetic energy to light yield conversion is observed. A model calculation, based on the electron-hole recombination to trapping competition and the occurrence of ionization quenching, gives results in very good agreement with the experimental data. The detector energy resolution is found to be consistent with the photoelectron statistics as the main contribution. A procedure for reproducible particle energy calibration, based on the cosmic muon energy deposition in the BaF2 as reference is established.

Different isotopic composition as a signature for different processes leading to fragment production in midperipheral 58Ni+58Ni collisions at 30 MeV/nucleon

We report on the results of experiments performed to investigate the 58 Ni + 58 Ni 30 MeV/nucleon reaction. In midperipheral collisions a massive fragment (4 Z 12) production has been observed. The emission patterns exhibit features consistent with dynamical fragmentation of a neck zone between the interacting nuclei, while in addition and at the same time, the projectile-like and targetlike residues are subject to statistical decay. The nature of the fragments produced via the two different mechanisms differ both for what concerns charge distribution and isotopic composition. In particular, neutron rich fragments can be produced in dynamical processes, even if the starting nuclear matter presents a N/Z ratio close to the unity.  2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Performance of a symmetric BGO-NaI anti-compton shield

Abstract A compact symmetric BGO-NaI shield for accurate discrete γ-ray spectroscopy with germanium detectors is described. Tests of the shield performed with radioactive sources are presented. The characteristics are expressed in terms of the Compton suppression factor, of the average detection efficiency and of the peak to total ratio deduced from the analysis of the response function of a Ge detector inserted into the shield.

Towards a better understanding of deep subthreshold photofission of238U

Deep subthreshold photofission data of238U are analysed. Spectroscopic properties of highly deformed states from experiments in the literature are introduced into a model calculation based on the doorway state formalism which is extended to fission at energies as low as the isomeric level. It is shown that starting from the results of a detailed analysis of the photofission measurements near the top of the fission barrier it is possible to describe the process in the energy range covered by the intermediate well in the double-humped deformation potential. In particular, the so-called “shelf effect” in the low energy photofission is reproduced in terms of delayed isomeric fission through a few undamped vibrational states localised in the pairing gap region above the isomer.

Size Distribution of Sperm Whales Acoustically Identified during Long Term Deep-Sea Monitoring in the Ionian Sea

The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) emits a typical short acoustic signal, defined as a “click”, almost continuously while diving. It is produced in different time patterns to acoustically explore the environment and communicate with conspecifics. Each emitted click has a multi-pulse structure, resulting from the production of the sound within the sperm whale’s head. A Stable Inter Pulse Interval (Stable IPI) can be identified among the pulses that compose a single click. Applying specific algorithms, the measurement of this interval provides useful information to assess the total length of the animal recorded. In January 2005, a cabled hydrophone array was deployed at a depth of 2,100 m in the Central Mediterranean Sea, 25 km offshore Catania (Ionian Sea). The acoustic antenna, named OνDE (Ocean noise Detection Experiment), was in operation until November 2006. OνDE provided real time acoustic data used to perform Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) of cetacean sound emissions. In this work, an innovative approach was applied to automatically measure the Stable IPI of the clicks, performing a cepstrum analysis to the energy (square amplitude) of the signals. About 2,100 five-minute recordings were processed to study the size distribution of the sperm whales detected during the OνDE long term deep-sea acoustic monitoring. Stable IPIs were measured in the range between 2.1 ms and 6.4 ms. The equations of Gordon (1991) and of Growcott (2011) were used to convert the IPIs into measures of size. The results revealed that the sperm whales recorded were distributed in length from about 7.5 m to 14 m. The size category most represented was from 9 m to 12 m (adult females or juvenile males) and specimens longer than 14 m (old males) seemed to be absent.